scholarly journals Soil Management by Cover Crops in Vineyards for Climate Change Adaptation

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Marqués ◽  
Bienes ◽  
Ruiz-Colmenero
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Grass Cover ◽  
Rainfall Events

The wine captures grapes’ variety nature and vinification techniques, but other aspects of soil, climate and terrain are equally important for the terroir expression as a whole. Soil supplies moisture, nitrogen, and minerals. Particularly nitrogen obtained through mineralization of soil organic matter and water uptake are crucial for grape yield, berry sugar, anthocyanin and tannin concentration, hence grape quality and vineyard profitability. Different climatic conditions, which are predicted for the future, can significantly modify this relationship between vines and soils. New climatic conditions under global warming predict higher temperatures, erratic and extreme rainfall events, and drought spells. These circumstances are particularly worrisome for typical thin soils of the Mediterranean environment. This study reports the effect of permanent grass cover in vineyards to maintain or increase soil organic matter and soil moisture. The influence of natural and simulated rainfalls on soils was studied. A comparison between minimum tillage (MT) and permanent grass cover crop (GC) of the temperate grass Brachypodium distachyon was done. Water infiltration, water holding capacity, organic carbon sequestration and protection from extreme events, were considered in a sloping vineyard located in the south of Madrid, Spain. The MT is the most widely used cultivation method in the area. The tradition supports this management practice to capture and preserve water in soils. It creates small depressions that accumulate water and eventually improves water infiltration. This effect was acknowledged in summer after recent MT cultivation; however, it was only short-lived as surface roughness declined after rainfalls. Especially, intense rainfall events left the surface of bare soil sealed. Consequently, the effects depend on the season of the year. In autumn, a rainy season of the year, MT failed to enhance infiltration. On the contrary, B. distachyon acted as a physical barrier, produced more infiltration (22% increase) and fewer particles detachment, due to increased soil structure stability and soil organic matter (50% increase). The GC efficiently protected soil from high-intensity events (more than 2 mm min-1). Besides, soil moisture at 35 cm depth was enhanced with GC (9% more than tillage). On average, soil moisture in GC was not significantly different from MT. These effects of GC on soil conditions created local micro-environmental conditions that can be considered advantageous as a climate change adaptation strategy, because they improved water balance, maintained a sustainable level of soil organic matter, therefore organic nitrogen, all these factors crucial for improving wine quality.

Revisiting seedrow nitrogen placement with barley and wheat

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 1073-1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Karamanos ◽  
J. T. Harapiak ◽  
N. A. Flore
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Type A ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Type C ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
N Rates

The rates of nitrogen (N) that can be safely placed with the seed remains a frequent question of producers, especially as direct seeding continues to increase as a practice in western Canada. Guidelines have been in place since the mid-1990s; however, they address only "favourable conditions" and experimentation relating to their derivation has not been formally published. This study attempted to quantify "favourable conditions" as well as supplement existing guidelines with information under non-favourable or ideal conditions so that producers may assess the risk of applying N with the seed. To this end, the results from 32 experiments with CWRS wheat and 10 with barley conducted in early to mid-1990s were compiled. The experimental design included three seedbed utilization (SBU) rates (10, 20, and 40%) and five N rates (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kg N ha-1) with four replications. Grain yield, relative plant stands (calculated as a percentage of the unfertilized control) and days to maturity (DTM) were determined in all experiments. Three types of responses to seedrow N application occurred. Type A had no impact of fertilizer N rate on the yield of CWRS wheat at wide (40%) SBU, but grain yield decreased at narrower SBU (10 and 20%). Type B had no impact of fertilizer N rate on the yield of CWRS wheat at narrow (10%) SBU but grain yield increased at wide SBU (20 and 40%). Type C had grain yield increases due to fertilizer N independent of SBU. Type A was characterized by dry soil moisture conditions and relatively high residual NO3−-N levels, whereas Types B and C were characterized by normal and very moist soil conditions and low to medium residual NO3−-N levels. The results within each response type were modified by soil organic matter (SOM) and texture. Grain yield losses generally occurred when relative plants stands were below 85% of those of unfertilized plots. In addition, conditions that led to a decrease in relative plant stands and grain yield also resulted in delayed maturity. Accounting for all the above factors enabled us to expand current guidelines under normal conditions to a range of agroecological conditions. Key words: Guideline, texture, soil organic matter, residual NO3−-N, soil moisture

scholarly journals A CENTURY 5 model using for estimation of soil organic matter behaviour at predicted climate change

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sobocká ◽  
J. Balkovič ◽  
M. Lapin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen

The trends of carbon sequestration behaviour have been estimated for the most fertile soil type of Slovakia based on the prognosticated regional climate change scenario. The processes were modelled and simulated by CENTURY 5 model to provide these inputs: predicted information about quantification of carbon and nitrogen fluxes, and primary net of organic matter production. Soil conditions were represented by the soil type calcareous Haplic Chernozem (Danubian lowland), and the climatic scenario was related to the meteorological station Hurbanovo modelled for the period of 2005&minus;2090. The dynamics of soil carbon and nitrogen was assessed using a conventional cropping system, concretely for 5-years crop rotation winter wheat-maize-oats (feed)-alfalfa-alfalfa modified into two alternatives: with fertilisation and without irrigation (ALT1), and excluding fertilisation and irrigation (ALT2). The model CENTURY 5 provides the simulation of three soil organic matter pools: the active (labile) pool (C<sub>L</sub>), the slow (sequestration) pool (C<sub>S</sub>), and the passive (resistant) pool (C<sub>P</sub>). The results of the model simulation for the conventional crop rotation predict that the supplies of active and slow SOM pools (C<sub>L</sub>, C<sub>S</sub>) do not show any statistically significant decreasing tendency in relation to the expected climate scenario. A moderately linear decreasing trend is expected with the passive SOM pool (C<sub>P</sub>), however, this decreasing tendency is not recognised during total carbon running (C<sub>TOT</sub>). I.e., in the future conventional crop-rotation farming no significant climate change impacts on total carbon sequestration will be presumed. In the case of ALT1, the model shows a gradual but very moderate decrease mainly with CS pool, and in that of ALT2 a significant decreasing trend is recognised with all SOM pools, mainly with CS pool. Amazing is the finding that in the case of non-irrigated but fertilised cropping system (in dry weather), the anticipated significant decrease in carbon sequestration was not observed, however, more drastic changes can be predicted in the non-fertilised and non-irrigated alternative. The average aboveground live carbon and belowground live carbon in both alternative cropping systems in relation to the conventional one have been compared. It was, estimated: in ATL1, that the primary net of organic matter decreased by almost 38% (aboveground live C) and by 43% (belowground live C), and in ALT2 by 43% (aboveground live C) and 45% (belowground live C), respectively. All these findings can be considered as the modelling outputs at the given input data, not as a firmly confirmed prognosis. Nevertheless, the achieved results of CENTURY 5 modelling assume that in the case of sufficient fertilisation and irrigation with well-managed cropping rotation practice under fertile soil conditions of Slovakia, no serious changes in carbon supplies in all SOM pools can be expected.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution of halophytes and environment factors in salt marshes along the eastern Yellow Sea

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaesang Chung ◽  
Jae Hyun Kim ◽  
Eun Ju Lee
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Vegetation Structure ◽  
Water Level Fluctuations ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Low Salinity

Abstract Background Salt marshes provide a variety of ecosystem services; however, they are vulnerable to human activity, water level fluctuations, and climate change. Analyses of the relationships between plant communities and environmental conditions in salt marshes are expected to provide useful information for the prediction of changes during climate change. In this study, relationships between the current vegetation structure and environmental factors were evaluated in the tidal flat at the southern tip of Ganghwa, Korea, where salt marshes are well-developed. Results The vegetation structure in Ganghwa salt marshes was divided into three groups by cluster analysis: group A, dominated by Phragmites communis; group B, dominated by Suaeda japonica; and group C, dominated by other taxa. As determined by PERMANOVA, the groups showed significant differences with respect to altitude, soil moisture, soil organic matter, salinity, sand, clay, and silt ratios. A canonical correspondence analysis based on the percent cover of each species in the quadrats showed that the proportion of sand increased as the altitude increased and S. japonica appeared in soil with a relatively high silt proportion, while P. communis was distributed in soil with low salinity. Conclusions The distributions of three halophyte groups differed depending on the altitude, soil moisture, salinity, and soil organic matter, sand, silt, and clay contents. Pioneer species, such as S. japonica, appeared in soil with a relatively high silt content. The P. communis community survived under a wider range of soil textures than previously reported in the literature; the species was distributed in soils with relatively low salinity, with a range expansion toward the sea in areas with freshwater influx. The observed spatial distribution patterns may provide a basis for conservation under declining salt marshes.

Managing Soil Organic Matter under Dryland Farming Systems for Climate Change Adaptation and Sustaining Agriculture Productivity

2021 ◽  
pp. 219-251
Author(s):  
Ch Srinivasarao ◽  
Sumanta Kundu ◽  
S. Rakesh ◽  
C. Subha Lakshmi ◽  
G. Ranjith Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Dryland Farming

scholarly journals Impacts of soil moisture level and organic matter content on growth of two Juncus species and Poa pratensis grown under acid soil conditions

Weed Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 490-500
Author(s):  
W Kaczmarek‐Derda ◽  
M Helgheim ◽  
J Netland ◽  
H Riley ◽  
K Wærnhus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Moisture Level

Multi-algorithm comparison to predict soil organic matter and soil moisture content from cell phone images

Geoderma ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 385 ◽  
pp. 114863
Author(s):  
Perry Taneja ◽  
Hitesh Kumar Vasava ◽  
Prasad Daggupati ◽  
Asim Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Cell Phone ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Algorithm Comparison

scholarly journals Effects of glyphosate-based herbicides and their active ingredients on earthworms, water infiltration and glyphosate leaching are influenced by soil properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann G. Zaller ◽  
Maureen Weber ◽  
Michael Maderthaner ◽  
Edith Gruber ◽  
Eszter Takács ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Functions ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Earthworm Activity

Abstract Background Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are among the most often used pesticides. The hundreds of GBHs used worldwide consist of the active ingredient (AI) glyphosate in form of different salts, possibly other AIs, and various mostly undisclosed co-formulants. Pesticide risk assessments are commonly performed using single AIs or GBHs at standard soil conditions without vegetation. In a greenhouse experiment, we established a weed population with common amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus) to examine the effects of three GBHs (Roundup LB Plus, Roundup PowerFlex, Touchdown Quattro) and their corresponding AIs (salts of glyphosate isopropylammonium, potassium, diammonium) on the activity and physiological biomarkers (glutathione S-transferase, GST; acetylcholine esterase, AChE) of an ecologically relevant earthworm species (Lumbricus terrestris). GBHs and AIs were applied at recommended doses; hand weeding served as control. Experiments were established with two soil types differing in organic matter content (SOM; 3.0% vs. 4.1%) and other properties. Results Earthworm activity (casting and movement activity) decreased after application of glyphosate formulations or active ingredients compared to hand weeding. We found no consistent pattern that formulations had either higher or lower effects on earthworm activity than their active ingredients; rather, differences were substance-specific. Earthworm activity was little affected by soil organic matter levels. Biomarkers remained unaffected by weed control types; GST but not AChE was decreased under high SOM. Water infiltration after a simulated heavy rainfall was interactively affected by weed control types and SOM. Leachate amount was higher after application of formulations than active ingredients and was higher under low SOM. Glyphosate concentrations in soil and leachate were strongly affected by application of formulations or active ingredients and varied with SOM (significant weed control type x SOM interaction). Conclusions We found that both commercial formulations and pure active ingredients can influence earthworms with consequences on important soil functions. Glyphosate products showed increased, reduced or similar effects than pure glyphosate on particular soil functions; soil properties can substantially alter this. Especially at lower SOM, heavy rainfalls could lead to more glyphosate leaching into water bodies. A full disclosure of co-formulants would be necessary to further decipher their specific contributions to these inconsistent effects.

Effects of climate change on soil organic matter chemical composition and carbon content in different physical fractions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Mohrlok ◽  
Victoria Martin ◽  
Alberto Canarini ◽  
Wolfgang Wanek ◽  
Michael Bahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Soil Fractions ◽  
Total Soil ◽  
C And N ◽  
Amp Clay

&lt;p&gt;Soil organic matter (SOM) is composed of many pools with different properties (e.g. turnover times) which are generally used in biogeochemical models to predict carbon (C) dynamics. Physical fractionation methods are applied to isolate soil fractions that correspond to these pools. This allows the characterisation of chemical composition and C content of these fractions. There is still a lack of knowledge on how these individual fractions are affected by different climate change drivers, and therefore the fate of SOM remains elusive. We sampled soils from a multifactorial climate change experiment in a managed grassland in Austria four years after starting the experiment to investigate the response of SOM in physical soil fractions to temperature (eT: ambient and elevated by +3&amp;#176;C), atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-concentration (eCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;: ambient and elevated by +300 ppm) and to a future climate treatment (eT x eCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;: +3&amp;#176;C and + 300 ppm). A combination of slaking and wet sieving was used to obtain three size classes: macro-aggregates (maA, &gt; 250 &amp;#181;m), micro-aggregates (miA, 63 &amp;#181;m &amp;#8211; 250 &amp;#181;m) and free silt &amp; clay (sc, &lt; 63 &amp;#181;m). In both maA and miA, four different physical OM fractions were then isolated by density fractionation (using sodium polytungstate of &amp;#961; = 1.6 g*cm&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;, ultrasonication and sieving): Free POM (fPOM), intra-aggregate POM (iPOM), silt &amp; clay associated OM (SCaOM) and sand-associated OM (SaOM). We measured C and N contents and isotopic composition by EA-IRMS in all fractions and size classes and used a Pyrolysis-GC/MS approach to assess their chemical composition. For eCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and eT x eCO&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;/sub&gt;plots, an isotope mixing-model was used to calculate the proportion of recent C derived from the elevated CO&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;/sub&gt;treatment. Total soil C and N did not significantly change with treatments.&amp;#160; eCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; decreased the relative proportion of maA-mineral-associated C and increased C in fPOM and iPOM. About 20% of bulk soil C was represented by the recent C derived from the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fumigation treatment. This significantly differed between size classes and density fractions (p &lt; 0.001), which indicates inherent differences in OM age and turnover. Warming reduced the amount of new C incorporated into size classes. We found that each size class and fraction possessed a unique chemical fingerprint, but this was not significantly changed by the treatments. Overall, our results show that while climate change effects on total soil C were not significant after 4 years, soil fractions showed specific effects. Chemical composition differed significantly between size classes and fractions but was unaffected by simulated climate change. This highlights the importance to separate SOM into differing pools, while including changes to the molecular composition might not be necessary for improving model predictions.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

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