scholarly journals The 2019 Eruption Dynamics and Morphology at Ebeko Volcano Monitored by Unoccupied Aircraft Systems (UAS) and Field Stations

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Walter ◽  
Alexander Belousov ◽  
Marina Belousova ◽  
Tatiana Kotenko ◽  
Andreas Auer
Keyword(s):  
Active Volcano ◽  
Tectonic Structures ◽  
Field Station ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Geothermal Activity ◽  
Northern Kuril Islands ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Aircraft System ◽  
Structural Architecture

Vulcanian explosions are hazardous and are often spontaneous and direct observations are therefore challenging. Ebeko is an active volcano on Paramushir Island, northern Kuril Islands, showing characteristic Vulcanian-type activity. In 2019, we started a comprehensive survey using a combination of field station records and repeated unoccupied aircraft system (UAS) surveys to describe the geomorphological features of the edifice and its evolution during ongoing activity. Seismic data revealed the activity of the volcano and were complemented by monitoring cameras, showing a mean explosion interval of 34 min. Digital terrain data generated from UAS quadcopter photographs allowed for the identification of the dimensions of the craters, a structural architecture and the tephra deposition at cm-scale resolution. The UAS was equipped with a thermal camera, which in combination with the terrain data, allowed it to identify fumaroles, volcano-tectonic structures and vents and generate a catalog of 282 thermal spots. The data provide details on a nested crater complex, aligned NNE-SSW, erupting on the northern rim of the former North Crater. Our catalog of thermal spots also follows a similar alignment on the edifice-scale and is also affected by topography on a local scale. This paper provides rare observations at Ebeko volcano and shows details on its Vulcanian eruption style, highlighting the relevance of structural and morphologic control for the geometry of craters and tephra fallout as well as for structurally controlled geothermal activity.

 The 2019 Eruption Dynamics and Morphology at Ebeko Volcano Monitored by geophysical instrument networks and Unoccupied Aircraft Systems (UAS)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Walter ◽  
Alexander and Marina Belousov
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Active Volcano ◽  
Tectonic Structures ◽  
Change Analysis ◽  
Geophysical Field ◽  
Field Station ◽  
Northern Kuril Islands ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Aircraft System ◽  
Structural Architecture

<p>Vulcanian explosions are hazardous and are often spontaneous and direct observations are therefore challenging. Ebeko is an active volcano on Paramushir Island, northern Kuril Islands, showing characteristic Vulcanian-type activity. In 2019, we started a comprehensive survey using a combination of geophysical field station records and repeated unoccupied aircraft system (UAS) surveys to describe the geomorphological features of the edifice and its evolution during ongoing activity. Seismic data revealed the activity of the volcano and were complemented by monitoring cameras, showing a mean explosion interval of 34 min. Digital terrain data generated from UAS quadcopter photographs allowed for the identification of the dimensions of the craters, a structural architecture and the tephra deposition at cm-scale resolution. The UAS was equipped with a thermal camera, which in combination with the terrain data, allowed it to identify fumaroles, volcano-tectonic structures and vents and generate a catalog of 282 thermal spots. The data provide details on a nested crater complex, aligned NNE-SSW, erupting on the northern rim of the former North Crater. Our catalog of thermal spots also follows a similar alignment on the edifice-scale and is also affected by topography on a local scale. New analysis are included in this presentation as well as a long term change analysis based on remote sensing data.</p>

scholarly journals DTM-based analysis of the spatial distribution of topolineaments

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1185-1199
Author(s):  
Mirosław Kamiński
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Tectonic Structures ◽  
Empirical Bayesian ◽  
Scanning Method ◽  
Empirical Bayesian Kriging ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Airborne Laser

AbstractThe research area is located on the boundary between two Paleozoic structural units: the Radom–Kraśnik Block and the Mazovian–Lublin Basin in the southeastern Poland. The tectonic structures are separated by the Ursynów–Kazimierz Dolny fault zone. The digital terrain model obtained by the ALS (Airborne Laser Scanning) method was used. Classification and filtration of an elevation point cloud were performed. Then, from the elevation points representing only surfaces, a digital terrain model was generated. The model was used to visually interpret the course of topolineaments and their automatic extraction from DTM. Two topolineament systems, trending NE–SW and NW–SE, were interpreted. Using the kernel density algorithm, topolineament density models were generated. Using the Empirical Bayesian Kriging, a thickness model of quaternary deposits was generated. A relationship was observed between the course of topolineaments and the distribution and thickness of Quaternary formations. The topolineaments were compared with fault directions marked on tectonic maps of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. Data validation showed consistency between topolineaments and tectonic faults. The obtained results are encouraging for further research.

scholarly journals Spatial typification of river basin geosystems in the Kama river catchment area in relation to the regional tectonic structures

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1029-1044
Author(s):  
T. A. Trifonova ◽  
P. S. Shutov
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
Tectonic Structures ◽  
River Catchment ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Regional Tectonic

This study was aimed to reveal relationships between the formation of the structures of river systems and to discover the tectonic structural features of the territory. We analyzed the morphometric parameters of river catchment areas of various orders, which comprise the Kama river basin. A digital terrain model in ESRI ArcGis 10.4 geoinformation system was used. Within the identified river basin geosystems, quantitative morphometric characteristics of the terrain were calculated for comparative analysis. Multidimensional statistical analysis methods were used to group the basins with respect to their sets of geometric and morphometric characteristics. A spatial typification technique was developed to distinguish the basin geosystems by their morphometric indicators. This study pioneered in using the results of cluster analysis for identification of seven groups of basins, which reflect the spatial heterogeneity of the ancient tectonic elements and the geomorphological conditions within the entire territory of the Kama river basin. It is established that the types of the river basin geosystems with characteristic morphometric features are related to various ancient tectonic structures, which suggests a genetic relationship of endogenous processes of river channel fracturing and the diversity of geometric parameters of different river basins.

scholarly journals Activation of the Ebeko volcano in May–July, 2020 (Paramushir Island, Northern Kuril Islands)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 500-505
Author(s):  
A.V. Degterev ◽  
◽  
M.V. Chibisova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Kuril Island ◽  
Explosive Eruption ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Active Volcano ◽  
Kuril Islands ◽  
Eruptive Activity ◽  
Gas Explosions ◽  
Northern Kuril Islands ◽  
Kuril Island Arc

The Ebeko volcano located in the northern part of Paramushir Island (Northern Kuril Islands), is currently the most active volcano of the Kuril Island arc: since 2016, next explosive eruption has continued, proceeding in the form of regular ash-gas explosions of moderate force. In the period from January 2018 to October of 2020 a total of at least 1834 emissions were recorded (during daylight hours and under good weather conditions). In May–July 2020, the intensification of the eruptive activity of the volcano was observed, that manifested in a sharp increase of the emissions frequency and height. During this period, 296 emissions were recorded, 90 of which were at an altitude of 3 km or more.

scholarly journals Structural-morphometric analysis of Kremenets Mountains (part 1)

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 24-46
Author(s):  
Andrii Bermes
Keyword(s):  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Tectonic Structures ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Local Erosion ◽  
Different Order

The geomorphological structure and the morphometric features are characterized, the structural-morphometric constructions of the territory of the Kremenets Mountains are conducted and analyzed. The multi-order maps of the baseline and vertex surfaces, the residual relief, and the local erosion are created with the help of the software called AcrGis. The features of the geomorphological structure and the stage of the relief development are determined. Some regularities in the distribution of the morphometric indicators of the different parts of the Kremenets Mountains are revealed. Twelve morphometric different-genetic and different-order maps are constructed, and the surface of the top, baseline, residual and erosion relief are made and analyzed in accordance with the hypsometric and morphometric characteristics for this analysis. The method of the constructing of the map models for the structural and the morphometric analysis are presented. The comparison of vertices and bases of different order, as well as vertex – basal surfaces are analyzed, which allowed revealing the latest and modern movements of the earth's crust, the quantitative estimation of the amplitude of the vertical movements. The altitude differences in the characteristics of model comparisons are presented. The analysis and the comparison of the models allowed establishing the nature of the latest movements, the ratio of the denudation and the accumulation, the intensity of the erosion processes of the formation of the different stages of the investigated territory. The maps of the apex, basal, residual, erosion relief, which are created, serve as a basis for the comparison of the different top and base surfaces and the single-row top-base surfaces with the linear and the annular tectonic structures (the analysis of the latest tectonogenesis) in the future publications. Key words: basic surface, vertex surface, watershed, erosion network, residual relief, local erosion, morphometric analysis, digital terrain model, watercourses order, neotectonic movements, North-Podillia ledge.

Direct observations of radiation-enhanced transformations in glass

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 354-355
Author(s):  
J. F. DeNatale ◽  
D. G. Howitt
Keyword(s):  
Glass Matrix ◽  
Diffusion Mechanism ◽  
Bubble Formation ◽  
Silicate Glasses ◽  
Phase Decomposition ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Thin Foils ◽  
Oxygen Bubble ◽  
Electron Energy Loss ◽  
Kinetics Of

The electron irradiation of silicate glasses containing metal cations produces various types of phase separation and decomposition which includes oxygen bubble formation at intermediate temperatures figure I. The kinetics of bubble formation are too rapid to be accounted for by oxygen diffusion but the behavior is consistent with a cation diffusion mechanism if the amount of oxygen in the bubble is not significantly different from that in the same volume of silicate glass. The formation of oxygen bubbles is often accompanied by precipitation of crystalline phases and/or amorphous phase decomposition in the regions between the bubbles and the detection of differences in oxygen concentration between the bubble and matrix by electron energy loss spectroscopy cannot be discerned (figure 2) even when the bubble occupies the majority of the foil depth.The oxygen bubbles are stable, even in the thin foils, months after irradiation and if van der Waals behavior of the interior gas is assumed an oxygen pressure of about 4000 atmospheres must be sustained for a 100 bubble if the surface tension with the glass matrix is to balance against it at intermediate temperatures.

Metallurgical Effects of Grain Boundary Ledges

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 126-129
Author(s):  
L.E. Murr
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Mechanical Treatment ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Properties Of Materials ◽  
Thermo Mechanical Treatment ◽  
Ledge Density

Ledges in grain boundaries can be identified by their characteristic contrast features (straight, black-white lines) distinct from those of lattice dislocations, for example1,2 [see Fig. 1(a) and (b)]. Simple contrast rules as pointed out by Murr and Venkatesh2, can be established so that ledges may be recognized with come confidence, and the number of ledges per unit length of grain boundary (referred to as the ledge density, m) measured by direct observations in the transmission electron microscope. Such measurements can then give rise to quantitative data which can be used to provide evidence for the influence of ledges on the physical and mechanical properties of materials.It has been shown that ledge density can be systematically altered in some metals by thermo-mechanical treatment3,4.

Direct Observations of the Epitaxial Growth of Sputtered Ag on Si

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 122-123
Author(s):  
J. S. Maa ◽  
Thos. E. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Epitaxial Growth ◽  
Film Growth ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam Sputtering ◽  
Microscopy Technique ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
In Situ Electron Microscopy ◽  
Beam Sputtering ◽  
The Subject

The growth of Ag films deposited on various substrate materials such as MoS2, mica, graphite, and MgO has been investigated extensively using the in situ electron microscopy technique. The three stages of film growth, namely, the nucleation, growth of islands followed by liquid-like coalescence have been observed in both the vacuum vapor deposited and ion beam sputtered thin films. The mechanisms of nucleation and growth of silver films formed by ion beam sputtering on the (111) plane of silicon comprise the subject of this paper. A novel mode of epitaxial growth is observed to that seen previously.The experimental arrangement for the present study is the same as previous experiments, and the preparation procedure for obtaining thin silicon substrate is presented in a separate paper.

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