scholarly journals The Application of Terrestrial LiDAR for Geohazard Mapping, Monitoring and Modelling in the British Geological Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 395
Author(s):  
Lee Jones ◽  
Peter Hobbs
Keyword(s):  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Geological Survey ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
British Geological Survey ◽  
Terrestrial Lidar ◽  
Rock Stability ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

Geomatics is the discipline of electronically gathering, storing, processing, and delivering spatially related digital information; it continues to be one of the fastest expanding global markets, driven by technology. The British Geological Survey (BGS) geomatics capabilities have been utilized in a variety of scientific studies such as the monitoring of actively growing volcanic lava domes and rapidly retreating glaciers; coastal erosion and platform evolution; inland and coastal landslide modelling; mapping of geological structures and fault boundaries; rock stability and subsidence feature analysis, and geo-conservation. In 2000, the BGS became the first organization outside the mining industry to use Terrestrial LiDAR Scanning (TLS) as a tool for measuring change; paired with a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), BGS were able to measure, monitor, and model geomorphological features of landslides in the United Kingdom (UK) digitally. Many technologies are used by the BGS to monitor the earth, employed on satellites, airplanes, drones, and ground-based equipment, in both research and commercial settings to carry out mapping, monitoring, and modelling of earth surfaces and processes. Outside BGS, these technologies are used for close-range, high-accuracy applications such as bridge and dam monitoring, crime and accident scene analysis, forest canopy and biomass measurements and military applications.

scholarly journals Monitoring and Computation of the Volumes of Stockpiles of Bulk Material by Means of UAV Photogrammetric Surveying

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grazia Tucci ◽  
Antonio Gebbia ◽  
Alessandro Conti ◽  
Lidia Fiorini ◽  
Claudio Lubello
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Material ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Current Survey ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

The monitoring and metric assessment of piles of natural or man-made materials plays a fundamental role in the production and management processes of multiple activities. Over time, the monitoring techniques have undergone an evolution linked to the progress of measure and data processing techniques; starting from classic topography to global navigation satellite system (GNSS) technologies up to the current survey systems like laser scanner and close-range photogrammetry. Last-generation 3D data management software allow for the processing of increasingly truer high-resolution 3D models. This study shows the results of a test for the monitoring and computing of stockpile volumes of material coming from the differentiated waste collection inserted in the recycling chain, performed by means of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetric survey and the generation of 3D models starting from point clouds. The test was carried out with two UAV flight sessions, with vertical and oblique camera configurations, and using a terrestrial laser scanner for measuring the ground control points and as ground truth for testing the two survey configurations. The computations of the volumes were carried out using two software and comparisons were made both with reference to the different survey configurations and to the computation software.

scholarly journals Estimation of diameter at breast height from mobile laser scanning data collected under a heavy forest canopy

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 433-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Čerňava Juraj ◽  
Tuček Ján ◽  
Koreň Milan ◽  
Mokroš Martin
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Efficient Technology ◽  
Mobile Mapping ◽  
Mobile Mapping System ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
Short Time

Mobile laser scanning (MLS) is time-efficient technology of geospatial data collection that proved its ability to provide accurate measurements in many fields. Mobile innovation of the terrestrial laser scanning has a potential to collect forest inventory data on a tree level from large plots in a short time. Valuable data, collected using mobile mapping system (MMS), becomes very difficult to process when Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) outages become too long. A heavy forest canopy blocking the GNSS signal and limited accessibility can make mobile mapping very difficult. This paper presents processing of data collected by MMS under a heavy forest canopy. DBH was estimated from MLS point cloud using three different methods. Root mean squared error varied between 2.65 and 5.57 cm. Our research resulted in verification of the influence of MLS coverage of tree stem on the accuracy of DBH data.

scholarly journals Processing Chain for Estimation of Tree Diameter from GNSS-IMU-Based Mobile Laser Scanning Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juraj Čerňava ◽  
Martin Mokroš ◽  
Ján Tuček ◽  
Michal Antal ◽  
Zuzana Slatkovská
Keyword(s):  
Point Cloud ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
Forest Mapping ◽  
Fitting Method ◽  
Progressive Technology ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

Mobile laser scanning (MLS) is a progressive technology that has already demonstrated its ability to provide highly accurate measurements of road networks. Mobile innovation of the laser scanning has also found its use in forest mapping over the last decade. In most cases, existing methods for forest data acquisition using MLS result in misaligned scenes of the forest, scanned from different views appearing in one point cloud. These difficulties are caused mainly by forest canopy blocking the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signal and limited access to the forest. In this study, we propose an approach to the processing of MLS data of forest scanned from different views with two mobile laser scanners under heavy canopy. Data from two scanners, as part of the mobile mapping system (MMS) Riegl VMX-250, were acquired by scanning from five parallel skid trails that are connected to the forest road. Misaligned scenes of the forest acquired from different views were successfully extracted from the raw MLS point cloud using GNSS time based clustering. At first, point clouds with correctly aligned sets of ground points were generated using this method. The loss of points after the clustering amounted to 33.48%. Extracted point clouds were then reduced to 1.15 m thick horizontal slices, and tree stems were detected. Point clusters from individual stems were grouped based on the diameter and mean GNSS time of the cluster acquisition. Horizontal overlap was calculated for the clusters from individual stems, and sufficiently overlapping clusters were aligned using the OPALS ICP module. An average misalignment of 7.2 mm was observed for the aligned point clusters. A 5-cm thick horizontal slice of the aligned point cloud was used for estimation of the stem diameter at breast height (DBH). DBH was estimated using a simple circle-fitting method with a root-mean-square error of 3.06 cm. The methods presented in this study have the potential to process MLS data acquired under heavy forest canopy with any commercial MMS.

scholarly journals Virtual Electronic Aids to Navigation for Remote and Ecologically Sensitive Regions

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Glenn Wright ◽  
Michael Baldauf
Keyword(s):  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
Hostile Environment ◽  
Ship Navigation ◽  
Potential Methods ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

Vessel traffic in the Arctic is expanding in volume both within and transiting the region, yet the infrastructure necessary to support modern ship navigation is lacking. This includes aids to navigation such as buoys and beacons that can be difficult to place and maintain in this hostile environment that stretches across vast distances. The results of research are described which determine whether virtual electronic Aids to Navigation (eAtoN) existing entirely as digital information objects can overcome the practical limitations of physical aids to navigation (AtoN) and Automatic Identification System (AIS) radio eAtoN. Capabilities unique to virtual eAtoN that are not available using either physical or AIS radio technologies are also examined including dynamic and real time properties and immunity to Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and AIS spoofing, aliasing, denial of service attacks and service outages. Conclusions are provided describing potential methods of deployment based upon similar concepts already in use.

scholarly journals Combined Methodologies for the Survey and Documentation of Historical Buildings: The Castle of Scalea (CS, Italy)

Heritage ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 2384-2397
Author(s):  
Eugenio Donato ◽  
Dario Giuffrida
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Architectural Drawing ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
High Level ◽  
Survey Methodologies

In the last few years, new technologies have become indispensable tools for specialists in the field of cultural heritage for the analysis, reconstruction and interpretation of data but also for promotion of artefacts or buildings sometimes inaccessible or in a bad state of conservation. The discipline of geomatics offer many opportunities and solutions for integrated digital surveys and the documentation of heritage (point-based methods, image-based photogrammetry and their combination): These data can be processed in order to derive metric information and share them using databases or GIS (geographic information system) tools. This paper is focused on the description of combined survey methodologies adopted for the geometric and architectural documentation of the site and surviving structures of the Castel of Scalea (Cosenza, Italy). It is a typical context where traditional survey procedures do not fully succeed or require a longer amount of time and great effort if a high level of accuracy is requested: For this reason, aerial close-range digital photogrammetry enhanced by the GNSS (global navigation satellite system), and total station positioning systems have been used at various levels of detail for the production of a detailed 3D model and 2D thematic maps with an excellent level of in the positioning of the structures and in the architectural drawing. Thanks to the collected dataset, it was possible to better identify the building units (CF), to digitize the limits of the masonry stratigraphic units (USM), and to draw up a first constructive diachronic sequence hypothesis on which to base chronology. Moreover, some particular masonry techniques have been sampled and compared at the regional level with the aim to better dating of constructive expedients. It was finally demonstrated how the use of integrated methodologies allows us to obtain a complete and detailed documentation including information regarding not only architectural and geometrical features but also archaeological and historical elements, building materials and decay evidences—all useful as support of the interpretation of data.

scholarly journals Forest canopy scattering properties with signal of opportunity reflectometry: theoretical simulations

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuerui Wu ◽  
Andrés Calabia ◽  
Jin Xu ◽  
Weihua Bai ◽  
Peng Guo
Keyword(s):  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Coherent Scattering ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Remote Sensing Technique ◽  
Bistatic Scattering ◽  
Vegetation Water ◽  
Improved Model ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
Wave Synthesis

AbstractIn recent years, signal of opportunity reflectometry (SoOp-R) has become a promising remote sensing technique. This emerging technique employs the reflected signals from existing Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) or communication satellites to estimate geophysical parameters for Earth observation, such as wind speed, altimetry, significant wave height, soil moisture, etc. While its application for forest canopy monitoring is still in the initial stage, there are still many unknown relations between vegetation parameters and actual observations, and a proper theoretical basis needs to be established for simulation and analysis of the different observation geometries. In this paper, we develop a bistatic scattering model with various polarizations at different frequency bands. Our improved model is based on the first-order radiative transfer equation, and is developed based on the wave synthesis technique, after which it can be used for circular polarization signals in bistatic radar systems, i.e. the typical configuration of SoOp-R. We analyze the simulations of the P (0.25–0.5 GHz), L (0.5–1.5 GHz), C (4–8 GHz), and X (8–12 GHz) bands at the backscattering, specular cone, bistatic scattering, and perpendicular planes. The contributions of the different components to the total scattering are also analyzed. The results show that the coherent scattering at the specular cone is larger than the non-coherent scattering, while trunk-dominated forest canopy has strong scattering at the aforementioned different directions. Variations of canopy parameters such as trunk and branch diameters, tree density, and vegetation water content are also simulated at the specular cone plane, showing strong dependence on the final bistatic scattering observation. The simulation results show that the SoOp-R technique has a great potential for monitoring of canopy parameters.

scholarly journals Close range photogrammetric methods applied to the study of the fronts of Johnsons and Hurd Glaciers (Livingston Island, Antarctica) from 1957 to 2013

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Rodríguez ◽  
Julián Aguirre ◽  
Andrés Díez ◽  
Marina Álvarez ◽  
Pedro Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Data Repository ◽  
Global Coordinate System ◽  
Glacier Front ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

Abstract. The study of glacier fronts combines different geomatics measurement techniques as the classic survey using total station or theodolite, technical GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), using laser-scanner or using photogrammetry (air or ground). The measure by direct methods (classical surveying and GNSS) is useful and fast when accessibility to the glaciers fronts is easy, while it is practically impossible to realize, in the case of glacier fronts that end up in the sea (tide water glaciers). In this paper, a methodology that combines photogrammetric methods and other techniques for lifting the front of the glacier Johnsons, inaccessible is studied. The images obtained from the front, come from a non-metric digital camera; its georeferencing to a global coordinate system is performed by measuring points GNSS support in accessible areas of the glacier front side and applying methods of direct intersection in inaccessible points of the front, taking measurements with theodolite. The result of observations obtained were applied to study the temporal evolution (1957–2014) of the position of the Johnsons glacier front and the position of the Argentina, Las Palmas and Sally Rocks lobes front (Hurd glacier). Link to the data repository: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.845379

THE ROYAL SCHOOL OF MINES: HENRY DE LA BECHE’S CONVERGENCE OF PROFESSIONALIZATION AND PUBLIC ADVOCACY

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-304
Author(s):  
RENEE M. CLARY
Keyword(s):  
Mining Industry ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Abandoned Mines ◽  
Geological Survey ◽  
Social Boundaries ◽  
British Geological Survey ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The Public ◽  
Government Involvement ◽  
Applied Geology

ABSTRACT Several European countries instituted mining schools in the late 1700s, including France, Germany, Hungary, and Russia. However, since England’s mining industry was privatized with little government involvement, Great Britain was decades behind with the creation of a school of mines. In 1835, Henry De la Beche (1796–1855) became the first director of the Ordnance Geological Survey, precursor to the British Geological Survey. De la Beche used this position to advance geology’s professionalization, which would include the establishment of an applied geology museum, mining records storehouse, and a school of mines. The Museum of Economic Geology, displaying the country’s mineral resources and geology, was De la Beche’s first success. Founded in 1835, it opened to the public in 1841. The Mining Records Office opened in 1840 as a repository for plans of working and abandoned mines. An early public advocate for workers’ safety, De la Beche lobbied for government inspections of collieries, immediate reporting of mining accidents, and proper plans of mines. The School of Mines was De la Beche’s third accomplishment in geology’s professionalization. As an outgrowth of the museum, it was formally opened in 1851 along with the larger Museum of Practical Geology, the Museum of Economic Geology’s successor. De la Beche’s intent for the School of Mines—instruction as a combination of science and practice—seems modern in its approach. In 1843, funding was allocated for lectures on the practical applications of geology, but these were not implemented until the School of Mines opened in 1851. In his effort to educate everyone—from miner to mine owner—De la Beche transcended social boundaries and supported open, public lectures. As a result, some considered him a class traitor. De la Beche used his position to advocate for advancement of the mining industry to include miner safety and public education. Therefore, while the Royal School of Mines emerged later than many of its European counterparts, it was part of a systematic professionalization of geology, coupled with education and a public advocacy for mining participants.

scholarly journals Android mobile application for wildfire reporting and monitoring

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 3412-3421
Author(s):  
Rony Teguh ◽  
Fengky F. Adji ◽  
Benius Benius ◽  
Mohammad Nur Aulia
Keyword(s):  
Fire Detection ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Mobile Platform ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Peat Fire ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
Peat Fires

Peat fires cause major environmental problems in Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia and threaten human health and effect the social-economic sector. The lack of peat fire detection systems is one factor that causing these reoccurring fires. Therefore, in this study, we develop an Android mobile platform application and a web-based application to support the citizen-volunteers who want to contribute wildfires reports, and the decision-makers who wish to collect, visualize, and evaluate these wildfires reports. In this paper, the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and a global position system (GPS) sensor from a smartphone’s camera, is a useful tool to show the potential fire and smoke’s close-range location. The exchangeable image (EXIF) file image and GPS metadata captured by a mobile phone can store and supply raw observation to our devices and sent it to the data center through global internet communication. This work’s results are the proposed application easy-to-use to monitoring potential peat fire by location and data activity. This paper focuses on developing an application for the mobile platform for peat fire reporting and a web-based application to collect peat fire location for decision-makers. Our main objective is to detect the potential and spread of fire in peatlands as early as possible by utilizing community reports using smartphones.

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