scholarly journals Application of the Comparison of Multibeam Echo-Sound Records to the Study of Stability of a Toxic Waste Stockpile Located on the Margin of a Tidal System: Tinto Estuary, Huelva, SW Spain

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 4364
Author(s):  
Berta M. Carro ◽  
Alejandro Reyes ◽  
Juan A. Morales ◽  
José Borrego
Keyword(s):  
Waste Product ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Toxic Waste ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Erosion And Deposition ◽  
Load Pressure ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Sw Spain ◽  
Marginal Areas ◽  
Enormous Amount

For more than 40 years, the industrial complex which developed near Huelva (in SW Spain) produced a huge amount of phosphogypsum as a waste product of manufacturing fertilizers. This waste was stockpiled in a stack 25 m high, covering 1200 ha of what was once a salt marsh. The weight of that enormous amount of waste produced active subsidence in the underlying sediment. Part of the sediment was injected into the marginal areas, where the load pressure is minor, causing significant vertical movement in the floor of the estuarine channel. This manuscript describes several surficial features using multibeam echosound. A crest formed by cones and a bulge area could be interpreted as injection structures. The evolution of the topographic position of the floor was also analyzed by comparing different records of the estuarine bed in the margins of the stockpile. The data in this work document the changes in the dynamics of the estuary in relation to these vertical movements. These changes in dynamicsled to erosion and deposition in various areas of the bed.

The Swimbladder and the Vertical Movement of Teleostean Fishes

1951 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-566
Author(s):  
F. R. HARDEN JONES
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Bladder Wall ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Perca Fluviatilis ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Perch Perca Fluviatilis ◽  
Percentage Volume ◽  
Two Factors

The vertical movements of a teleostean fish may be restricted by the presence of the swimbladder, which will increase or decrease in volume when the fish moves up or down in the water. It is shown that the restriction that the swimbladder imposes to vertical movements involving a reduction in pressure will depend on physical factors such as (1) The resistance that the bladder and body wall offer to the expansion of the bladder gas. (2) The percentage volume of the swimbladder and the density change of the fish when it is subjected to a reduction in pressure. (3) The pressure reduction that leads to the rupture of the bladder wall. A distinction is made between rapid and slow movements. In the former the compensatory ability of the fish must be considered and in the latter the speed with which the fish can accommodate itself to pressure changes. An equation is derived from which the minimum speed at which a physoclist can migrate from deep to shallow water can be calculated. To solve the equation two factors must be determined experimentally. Various experiments are described which were made on the perch, Perca fluviatilis, the wrasse, Crenilabrus melops, the rockling, Onos mustela and the dragonet, Callionymus lyra. The results showed that there was a relation between the relative size of the swimbladder and the change in the density of a fish when it is subjected to a reduction in pressure; that the bladder and body wall of the perch offer little resistance to the expansion of the bladder gas; and that the danger of the bladder wall rupturing might restrict the extent of rapid movements made by the perch. Experiments on the restriction that the swimbladder imposes to the rapid and slow vertical movements of the perch will be described in a following paper.

scholarly journals Horizontal-vertical movement relationships: Adélie penguins forage continuously throughout provisioning trips

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javed Riaz ◽  
Sophie Bestley ◽  
Simon Wotherspoon ◽  
Louise Emmerson
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Optimal Foraging ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Foraging Activity ◽  
Directed Movement ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Movement Trajectories ◽  
Adélie Penguins

Abstract Background Diving marine predators forage in a three-dimensional environment, adjusting their horizontal and vertical movement behaviour in response to environmental conditions and the spatial distribution of prey. Expectations regarding horizontal-vertical movements are derived from optimal foraging theories, however, inconsistent empirical findings across a range of taxa suggests these behavioural assumptions are not universally applicable. Methods Here, we examined how changes in horizontal movement trajectories corresponded with diving behaviour and marine environmental conditions for a ubiquitous Southern Ocean predator, the Adélie penguin. Integrating extensive telemetry-based movement and environmental datasets for chick-rearing Adélie penguins at Béchervaise Island, we tested the relationships between horizontal move persistence (continuous scale indicating low [‘resident’] to high [‘directed’] movement autocorrelation), vertical dive effort and environmental variables. Results Penguins dived continuously over the course of their foraging trips and lower horizontal move persistence corresponded with less intense foraging activity, likely indicative of resting behaviour. This challenges the traditional interpretation of horizontal-vertical movement relationships based on optimal foraging models, which assumes increased residency within an area translates to increased foraging activity. Movement was also influenced by different environmental conditions during the two stages of chick-rearing: guard and crèche. These differences highlight the strong seasonality of foraging habitat for chick-rearing Adélie penguins at Béchervaise Island. Conclusions Our findings advance our understanding of the foraging behaviour for this marine predator and demonstrates the importance of integrating spatial location and behavioural data before inferring habitat use.

Crustal Loads and Vertical Movements near Lake St. John, Quebec

1975 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 711-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Scott Dunbar ◽  
G. D. Garland
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Gravity Field ◽  
Viscoelastic Model ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Finite Element Calculation ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
Element Calculation ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Free Air ◽  
Free Air Gravity

Analysis of the free air gravity field between Quebec City and Lake St. John indicates that there is an uncompensated load, apparently resulting from dense topography, directly over the region of observed vertical movement of the crust. A finite element calculation for a viscoelastic model, in which Logan's Line is included as a zone of weakness, yields a profile of surface velocities which approximates those obtained by geodetic relevelling. It is proposed that the vertical movement represents the decay of an enhanced proglacial forebulge which was formed in a region partially decoupled from its surroundings by major faults.

scholarly journals The Innovative Method of Purifying Polluted Air in the Region of an Inversion Layer

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Jędrzejek ◽  
D. Gryboś ◽  
J. Zyśk ◽  
J. Leszczyński ◽  
K. Szarłowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Natural Convection ◽  
Shock Waves ◽  
Inversion Layer ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Temperature Inversion ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Innovative Method ◽  
High Concentrations

Formation of the inversion layer causes a lack of vertical movement of the atmosphere and the occurrence of long-lasting high concentrations of pollution. The new invention makes use of shock waves, created by explosions of a mixture of flammable gases and air. These shock waves destroy the structure of the temperature inversion layer in the atmosphere and restore natural convection. Restoring vertical movements within the atmosphere causes a reduction in air pollution at the ground level. The system was tested at full technical scale in the environment. Preliminary effects indicate an average 24% reduction in PM10 concentration in the smog layer at ground level up to 20 m, with the device operating in 11-min series consisting of 66 explosions. It was also shown that the device is able to affect a larger area, at least 4 km2.

scholarly journals Unacknowledged Potential Factors in Catastrophic Bat Die-off Arising from Coal Fly Ash Geoengineering

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
J. Marvin Herndon ◽  
Mark Whiteside
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Coal Fly Ash ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Heart Tissue ◽  
Toxic Waste ◽  
Climate Engineering ◽  
Tropospheric Aerosol

Bats have great economic and environmental importance, including nocturnal insect control, pollination, seed dispersal and forest regeneration. Bats, however, like insects and birds are suffering a precipitous global decline due to anthropogenic causes. Deliberate air pollution in the form of undisclosed tropospheric aerosol geoengineering (TAG) has extremely damaging effects throughout the biosphere. Forensic scientific evidence implicates coal fly ash (CFA), the toxic waste product of coal-burning, as the main constituent of the jet-sprayed particulate trails seen around the world. Coal fly ash is a primary source of the ultrafine and nano-sized particulate fraction of air pollution that adversely impacts human and environmental health. Recently, countless exogenous magnetic pollution particles from combustion sources were found in human brains and heart tissue. Previous studies reveal that aerosolized CFA is a significant factor in the catastrophic global decline of birds and insects. Insects can accumulate aerosolized CFA on their body surfaces and/or ingest CFA particulates that insectivorous bats then consume. Bats are excellent mammalian bioindicators of environmental contaminants and it is known that their tissue contains high levels of metals and persistent organic pollutants. From a review of the literature, we show that the pollutant element ratios in bat tissue and bat guano are consistent with an origin in CFA-type air pollution. These findings suggest that CFA, including its use in covert climate engineering operations, is an unacknowledged factor in the morbidity and mortality of bats. Bats, therefore, are an important "canary in the coal mine" pointing to the urgency of halting covert climate engineering and greatly reducing ultrafine particulate air pollution.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Outcome Assessments of Surgical Correction in Cleft and Noncleft Patients with Class III Skeletal Relation: A Case-Control Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Te-Ju Wu ◽  
Cheng-Chun Wu ◽  
Chi-Yu Tsai ◽  
Yi-Hao Lee ◽  
Yu-Jen Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves ◽  
Control Study

Background. The orthognathic strategies to treat patients with a concave profile but different tissue conditions remain controversial. The aim of this case-control study was to investigate the outcome predictability of orthognathic surgery in cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients and matched controls. Methods. Fifty consecutive CLP and 45 matched non-CLP patients who received whole-piece Le Fort I and bilateral sagittal split osteotomy to correct class III skeletal relations were enrolled. The outcome discrepancies (ODs) from simulations among all groups were evaluated with consideration of the possible influences from planned surgical movements (PSM). Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine threshold values of PSMs that yielded clinically relevant OD. Results. Unilateral CLP (UCLP) patients had comparable postsurgical OD to non-CLP patients in both jaws, whereas bilateral CLP (BCLP) patients had greater deviations from predicted results. Vertical movement of the A − point > 1.33   mm and yaw   correction > 1.65 ° in the BCLP patients was associated with clinically relevant maxillary OD. Conclusions. The OGS outcomes of BCLP patients were less predictable than those of the UCLP and noncleft patients. Vertical movements of the A − point > 1.33   mm and yaw   correction > 1.65 ° in BCLP patients increased OD to a clinically relevant extent.

scholarly journals A Robot with Decoupled Mechanical Structure and Adapted State Machine Control for Both Ground and Staircase Situations

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (23) ◽  
pp. 5185
Author(s):  
Hao Wen ◽  
Hongcheng Yang ◽  
Yu Chen ◽  
Lin Zhou ◽  
Di Wu
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
State Machine ◽  
Hexapod Robot ◽  
Horizontal Movement ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Mechanical Structure ◽  
Sequential Control ◽  
Last Mile ◽  
Cost Efficient

The rapid development of e-commerce makes the last-mile problem more and more prominent. To meet the requirements of such a scenario, this paper proposes a robot with a decoupled mechanical structure. Such a hexapod robot is divided into a chassis frame with a pair of auxiliary wheel-legs for horizontal movement, a tetrapod for vertical movement, and a slide-and-rail mechanism to connect the former two parts. Such a structure is simple and, thus, cost-efficient; by managing the horizontal and vertical movements, such a robot can keep the balance and safety of the load in the various operation environments, such as roads, staircases, and even indoor ones. Meanwhile, a state-machine-based controller, which adapts well to the unique structure of the proposed robot, is also proposed, simplifying the sequential control of the robot. A prototype robot with 30-kg load ability was built, and the experimental results prove the validity of the design.

Galvanic vestibular stimulation counteracts hypergravity-induced plastic alteration of vestibulo-cardiovascular reflex in rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 1089-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chikara Abe ◽  
Kunihiko Tanaka ◽  
Chihiro Awazu ◽  
Hironobu Morita
Keyword(s):  
Vestibular System ◽  
Vestibular Nucleus ◽  
Pressor Response ◽  
Linear Acceleration ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
Medial Vestibular Nucleus ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Cardiovascular Reflex

Recent data from our laboratory demonstrated that, when rats are raised in a hypergravity environment, the sensitivity of the vestibulo-cardiovascular reflex decreases. In a hypergravity environment, static input to the vestibular system is increased; however, because of decreased daily activity, phasic input to the vestibular system may decrease. This decrease may induce use-dependent plasticity of the vestibulo-cardiovascular reflex. Accordingly, we hypothesized that galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) may compensate the decrease in phasic input to the vestibular system, thereby preserving the vestibulo-cardiovascular reflex. To examine this hypothesis, we measured horizontal and vertical movements of rats under 1-G or 3-G environments as an index of the phasic input to the vestibular system. We then raised rats in a 3-G environment with or without GVS for 6 days and measured the pressor response to linear acceleration to examine the sensitivity of the vestibulo-cardiovascular reflex. The horizontal and vertical movement of 3-G rats was significantly less than that of 1-G rats. The pressor response to forward acceleration was also significantly lower in 3-G rats (23 ± 1 mmHg in 1-G rats vs. 12 ± 1 mmHg in 3-G rats). The pressor response was preserved in 3-G rats with GVS (20 ± 1 mmHg). GVS stimulated Fos expression in the medial vestibular nucleus. These results suggest that GVS stimulated vestibular primary neurons and prevent hypergravity-induced decrease in sensitivity of the vestibulo-cardiovascular reflex.

Workpiece Movement in Centerless Grinding and Its Influence on Quality of the Ground Part

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. G. Subramanya Udupa ◽  
M. S. Shunmugam ◽  
V. Radhakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Instability ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Centerless Grinding ◽  
Cylinder Liners ◽  
Ground Part

The grinding action and the rounding mechanism are highly complex in centerless grinding. The process geometry and the dynamic stability of the workpiece are critical factors affecting the quality of the ground parts. The workpiece, because of floating condition, has an inherent tendency to become unstable during grinding. This is particularly true in the case of hollow workpieces like bearing races, bushes, cylinder liners, etc. In this paper, an attempt has been made to investigate the dynamic instability of the workpiece and to identify its effects on the quality of ground parts in infeed grinding. The details of the experimental investigations carried out to measure the horizontal and vertical movements of the workpiece directly on the machine are included. Some measures to minimize the vertical movement of the workpiece and to improve the quality of the ground part are also discussed.

Diel Vertical Movements and Feeding Activity of Zooplankton in St. Georges Bay, N.S., Using Net Tows and a Newly Developed Passive Trap

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 952-967 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Harding ◽  
W. P. Vass ◽  
B. T. Hargrave ◽  
S. Pearre Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Predator Avoidance ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Avoidance Reaction ◽  
Trap Surface ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Visual Predation ◽  
Competition For Food ◽  
Simultaneous Use

Newly developed plankton traps, designed to passively collect vertically mobile plankters, sampled ascending plankton but failed to collect many species during descent. This discrepancy may be behavioral with passively sinking organisms reacting to the trap surface with an upward avoidance reaction. Simultaneous use of conventional net tows and semiautomated traps allowed us to interpret the vertical movements of plankton more fully than by either method alone. Asynchronous vertical movement of the Pseudocalanus population is suspected because the percentage of trapped animals with food in their guts was usually higher in the downward moving fraction of the population. Migratory behaviors ranged from dusk and dawn ascent with midnight sinking to reverse migrations where the night level inhabited is deeper than the day depth. Noctural dispersal of herbivore and omnivore populations over depth probably reflects predator avoidance by presenting less dense aggregations to vertically mobile predators. Sightless predators reside in deeper waters than their prey during daylight presumably because they are larger and more vulnerable themselves to visual predation. Visual predators descend to greater depths than their prey at night. All the migration patterns observed can be explained in evolutionary terms simply by competition for food and avoidance of predators.

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