scholarly journals A Novel Message-Preserving Scheme with Format-Preserving Encryption for Connected Cars in Multi-Access Edge Computing

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (18) ◽  
pp. 3869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Insu Oh ◽  
Taeeun Kim ◽  
Kangbin Yim ◽  
Sun-Young Lee
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Control Unit ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Edge Computing ◽  
Denial Of Service Attacks ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Message Structure ◽  
Connected Cars ◽  
Multi Access

In connected cars with various electronic control unit (ECU) modules, Ethernet is used to communicate data received by the sensor in real time, but it is partially used alongside a controller area network (CAN) due to the cost. There are security threats in the CAN, such as replay attacks and denial-of-service attacks, which can disrupt the driver or cause serious damage, such as a car accident through malicious manipulation. Although several secure protocols for protecting CAN messages have been proposed, they carry limitations, such as combining additional elements for security or modifying CAN messages with a limited length. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a method for encrypting the data frame, including real data in the CAN message structure, using format-preserving encryption (FPE), which ensures that the plaintext and ciphertext have the same format and length. In this way, block ciphers such as AES-128 must be divided into two or three blocks, but FPE can be processed simultaneously by encrypting them according to the CAN message format, thus providing better security against denial-of-service attacks. Based on the 150 ms CAN message, a normal message was received from a malicious message injection of 180 ms or more for AES-128 and a malicious message injection of 100 ms or more for FPE. Finally, based on the proposed scheme, a CAN transmission environment is constructed for analyzing the encryption/decryption rate and the process of transmitting and processing the encrypted message for connected cars in multi-access edge computing (MEC). This scheme is compared with other algorithms to verify that it can be used in a real environment.

scholarly journals Towards a Lightweight Intrusion Detection Framework for In-Vehicle Networks

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Dheeraj Basavaraj ◽  
Shahab Tayeb
Keyword(s):  
Intrusion Detection ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Electronic Control Unit ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Control Area ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Classification Models

With the emergence of networked devices, from the Internet of Things (IoT) nodes and cellular phones to vehicles connected to the Internet, there has been an ever-growing expansion of attack surfaces in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). In the past decade, there has been a rapid growth in the automotive industry as network-enabled and electronic devices are now integral parts of vehicular ecosystems. These include the development of automobile technologies, namely, Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAV) and electric vehicles. Attacks on IoV may lead to malfunctioning of Electronic Control Unit (ECU), brakes, control steering issues, and door lock issues that can be fatal in CAV. To mitigate these risks, there is need for a lightweight model to identify attacks on vehicular systems. In this article, an efficient model of an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is developed to detect anomalies in the vehicular system. The dataset used in this study is an In-Vehicle Network (IVN) communication protocol, i.e., Control Area Network (CAN) dataset generated in a real-time environment. The model classifies different types of attacks on vehicles into reconnaissance, Denial of Service (DoS), and fuzzing attacks. Experimentation with performance metrics of accuracy, precision, recall, and F-1 score are compared across a variety of classification models. The results demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms other classification models.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Three Different Approaches for Automated Time Delay Estimation for Distributed Sensor Systems of Electric Vehicles

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Pfeiffer ◽  
Xuyi Wu ◽  
Ahmed Ayadi
Keyword(s):  
Time Delay ◽  
Electronic Control Unit ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Time Delay Estimation ◽  
Delay Estimation ◽  
Distributed Sensor ◽  
Automotive Electronic ◽  
Interesting Approach

Deviations between High Voltage (HV) current measurements and the corresponding real values provoke serious problems in the power trains of Electric Vehicle (EVs). Examples for these problems have inaccurate performance coordinations and unnecessary power limitations during driving or charging. The main reason for the deviations are time delays. By correcting these delays with accurate Time Delay Estimation (TDE), our data shows that we can reduce the measurement deviations from 25% of the maximum current to below 5%. In this paper, we present three different approaches for TDE. We evaluate all approaches with real data from power trains of EVs. To enable an execution on automotive Electronic Control Unit (ECUs), the focus of our evaluation lies not only on the accuracy of the TDE, but also on the computational efficiency. The proposed Linear Regression (LR) approach suffers even from small noise and offsets in the measurement data and is unsuited for our purpose. A better alternative is the Variance Minimization (VM) approach. It is not only more noise-resistant but also very efficient after the first execution. Another interesting approach are Adaptive Filter (AFs), introduced by Emadzadeh et al. Unfortunately, AFs do not reach the accuracy and efficiency of VM in our experiments. Thus, we recommend VM for TDE of HV current signals in the power train of EVs and present an additional optimization to enable its execution on ECUs.

scholarly journals Multi-Access Edge Computing: The Driver Behind the Wheel of 5G-Connected Cars

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 66-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Giust ◽  
Vincenzo Sciancalepore ◽  
Dario Sabella ◽  
Miltiades C. Filippou ◽  
Simone Mangiante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Edge Computing ◽  
Connected Cars ◽  
Multi Access

scholarly journals Designing a Smart Gateway for Data Fusion Implementation in a Distributed Electronic System Used in Automotive Industry

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3300
Author(s):  
Mircea Rîșteiu ◽  
Remus Dobra ◽  
Alexandru Avram ◽  
Florin Samoilă ◽  
Georgeta Buică ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Fusion ◽  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Electronic Control Unit ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Knowledge Bases ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Electronic Control ◽  
Smart Gateway

This paper focuses on the interdisciplinary research on the design of a smart gateway for managing the dynamic error code testing collected and generated by the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) from the automotive industry. The techniques used to exchange information between the ECU code errors and knowledge bases, based on data fusion methods, allowed us to consolidate and ensure data reliability, and then to optimize processed data in our distributed electronic systems, as the basic state for Industry 4.0 standards. At the same time, they offered optimized data packets when the gateway was tested as a service integrator for ECU maintenance. The embedded programming solutions offered us safe, reliable, and flexible data packet management results on both communication systems (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Provider (TCP/IP) and Controller Area Network (CAN) Bus) on the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) tested for diesel, high-pressure common rail engines. The main goal of this paper is to provide a solution for a smart, hardware–software, Industry-4.0-ready gateway applicable in the automotive industry.

scholarly journals Analysis of Technical Capabilities, Methodology and Test Results of a Light-Commercial Vehicle Conversion to Battery Electric Powertrain

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1119
Author(s):  
Piotr Bielaczyc ◽  
Rafal Sala ◽  
Tomasz Meinicke
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Electronic Control Unit ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Battery Management System ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
On The Road

This paper describes a holistic development and testing approach for a battery electric vehicle (BEV) prototype based on a self-supporting body platform originating from a vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine. The topic was investigated in relation to the question of whether conversion of existing vehicle platforms is a viable approach in comparison to designing a new vehicle ab initio. The scope of work consisted of the development stage, followed by laboratory and on-road testing to verify the vehicle’s performance and driveability. The vehicle functionality targeted commercial daily use on urban routes. Based on the assumed technical requirements, the vehicle architecture was designed and components specified that included various sub-systems: electric motor powertrain, electronic control unit (ECU), high-voltage battery pack with battery management system (BMS), charging system, high and low voltage wiring harness and electrically driven auxiliary systems. Electric sub-systems were integrated into the existing vehicle on-board controller area network (CAN) bus by means of enhanced algorithms. The test methodology of the prototype electric vehicle included the vehicle range and energy consumption measurement using the EU legislative test cycle. Laboratory testing was performed at different ambient temperatures and for various characteristics of the kinetic energy recovery system. Functional and driveability testing was performed on the road, also including an assessment of overall vehicle durability. Based on the results of testing, it was determined that the final design adopted fulfilled the pre-defined criteria; benchmarking against competing solutions revealed favorable ratings in certain aspects.

scholarly journals A Web-Interface based Smart Tracking of Overloaded Vehicle

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 4223-4230
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Electronic Control Unit ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Sensing Element ◽  
Traffic Regulation ◽  
Global Positioning

Due to the development of road infrastructure and business trade, transportation of goods is increasing day-by-day. Each vehicle has its own configuration, size, power and capacity. However, heavy vehicles are often used to carry loads beyond their capacity. Therefore overloading is one of the major problems which affect truckers as well as other motorists and pedestrians going near-by. In order to provide a convenient solution to this problem, a web-based tracking system is proposed. A heavy duty vehicle which is overloaded and moving at high speed may cause the vehicle to loose balance while making turns along the roads. This problem may also cause the tire to burst, which in turn makes it difficult to control the vehicle. Communication module is interfaced with a microcontroller which takes data from global positioning system receiver to locate the current position of the overloaded vehicle. This unit is majorly controlled by an electronic control unit. A sensing element is placed at the axle point of the vehicle to concentrate on the total weight of the vehicle. A software study is done to extract the global positioning system data from GPRMC format. The proposed system is simulated and tested for semi-real data. The received data is transmitted to the control room user for further improvement in traffic regulation and road safety.

scholarly journals (Semi-)Automatically Parsing Private Protocols for In-Vehicle ECU Communications

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 1495
Author(s):  
Tongtong Chen ◽  
Xiangxue Li
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Control Unit ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Electronic Control ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Penetration Testing ◽  
Discrete Manner ◽  
Parsing Algorithm

In-vehicle electronic control unit (ECU) communications generally count on private protocols (defined by the manufacturers) under controller area network (CAN) specifications. Parsing the private protocols for a particular vehicle model would be of great significance in testing the vehicle’s resistance to various attacks, as well as in designing efficient intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS) for the vehicle. This paper proposes a suite of methods for parsing ECU private protocols on in-vehicle CAN network. These methods include an algorithm for parsing discrete variables (encoded in a discrete manner, e.g., gear state), an algorithm for parsing continuous variables (encoded in a continuous manner, e.g., vehicle speed), and a parsing method based on upper-layer protocols (e.g., OBD and UDS). Extensive verifications have been performed on five different brands of automobiles (including an electric vehicle) to demonstrate the universality and the correctness of these parsing algorithms. Some parsing tips and experiences are also presented. Our continuous-variables parsing algorithm could run in a semi-automatic manner and the parsing algorithm from upper-layer protocols could execute in a completely automatic manner. One might view the results obtained by our parsing algorithms as an important indicator of penetration testing on in-vehicle CAN network.

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