5G Infrastructure Network Slicing: E2E Mean Delay Model and Effectiveness Assessment to Reduce Downtimes in Industry 4.0

Fifth Generation (5G) is expected to meet stringent performance network requisites of the Industry 4.0. Moreover, its built-in network slicing capabilities allow for the support of the traffic heterogeneity in Industry 4.0 over the same physical network infrastructure. However, 5G network slicing capabilities might not be enough in terms of degree of isolation for many private 5G networks use cases, such as multi-tenancy in Industry 4.0. In this vein, infrastructure network slicing, which refers to the use of dedicated and well isolated resources for each network slice at every network domain, fits the necessities of those use cases. In this article, we evaluate the effectiveness of infrastructure slicing to provide isolation among PLs in an industrial private 5G network. To that end, we develop a queuing theory-based model to estimate the E2E mean packet delay of the infrastructure slices. Then, we use this model to compare the E2E mean delay for two configurations, i.e., dedicated infrastructure slices with segregated resources for each PL against the use of a single shared infrastructure slice to serve the performance-sensitive traffic from PLs. Also we evaluate the use of TSN against bare Ethernet to provide layer 2 connectivity among the 5G system components. We use a complete and realistic setup based on experimental and simulation data of the scenario considered. Our results support the effectiveness of infrastructure slicing to provide isolation in performance among the different slices. Then, using dedicated slices with segregated resources for each PL might reduce the number of the production downtimes and associated costs as the malfunctioning of a PL will not affect the network performance perceived by the performance-sensitive traffic from other PLs. Last, our results show that, besides the improvement in performance, TSN technology truly provides full isolation in the transport network compared to standard Ethernet thanks to traffic prioritization, traffic regulation, and bandwidth reservation capabilities.

A Fuzzy Logic Supported Multi-Agent System For Urban Traffic And Priority Link Control

Artificial technologies are rapidly becoming one of the most powerful and popular technologies for solving complicated problems involving distributed systems. Nevertheless, their potential for application to advanced artificial transportation systems has not been sufficiently explored. This paper presents a traffic optimization system based on agent technology and fuzzy logic that aims to manage road traffic, prioritize emergency vehicles, and promote collective modes of transport in smart cities. This approach aims to optimize traffic light control at a signalized intersection by acting on the length and order of traffic light phases in order to favor priority flows and fluidize traffic at an isolated intersection and for the whole multi-intersection network, through both inter- and intra-intersection collaboration and coordination. Regulation and prioritization decisions are made on real-time monitoring through cooperation, communication, and coordination between decentralized agents. The performance of the proposed system is investigated by implementing it in the AnyLogic simulator, using a section of the road network that contains priority links. The results indicate that our system can significantly increase the efficiency of the traffic regulation system.

An Efficient Road Surveillance Approach to Detect, Recognize & Tracking Vehicles Using Deep Learning Methods

In the current scenario on the increasing number of motor vehicles day by day, so traffic regulation faces many challenges on intelligent road surveillance and governance, this is one of the important research areas in the artificial intelligence or deep learning. Among various technologies, computer vision and machine learning algorithms have the most efficient, as a huge vehicles video or image data on road is available for study. In this paper, we proposed computer vision-based an efficient approach to vehicle detection, recognition and Tracking. We merge with one-stage (YOLOv4) and two-stage (R-FCN) detectors methods to improve vehicle detection accuracy and speed results. Two-stage object detection methods provide high localization and object recognition precision, even as one-stage detectors achieve high inference and test speed. Deep-SORT tracker method applied for detects bounding boxes to estimate trajectories. We analyze the performance of the Mask RCNN benchmark, YOLOv3 and Proposed YOLOv4 + R-FCN on the UA-DETRAC dataset and study with certain parameters like Mean Average Precisions (mAP), Precision recall.

Compliance, practices, and attitudes towards VTIs (Vehicle Technical Inspections) in Spain: What prevents Spanish drivers from checking up their cars?

Objective Mechanical conditions of vehicles may play a determinant role in driving safety, the reason why vehicle periodical technical inspections (VTIs) are mandatory in many countries. However, the high number of drivers sanctioned for not complying with this regulation is surprisingly high, and there is not much evidence on what kind(s) of motives may explain this concerning panorama. This study aimed to identify the aspects that modulate the relationship between complying (or not) with VTI’s standards in a nationwide sample of Spanish drivers. The study design also addressed the drivers’ awareness regarding different risky behaviors while driving, depending on their sex and their crash record. Methods 1,100 Spanish drivers completed a survey on the aforementioned issues. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni post-hoc adjustment was conducted to assess significant differences (p<0.05) in the study variables. Results Most of the surveyed drivers (99.18%) reported that they always comply with VTI’s requirements. The main reasons to comply were related to compliance with traffic regulation and fear of penalties, while the reasons attributed to its incompliance are, instead, stated as involuntary. Conclusion The findings of this study support the idea that more actions are needed to increase drivers’ awareness of the relevance of VTIs for road safety, as well as warning them about the dangers of neglecting vehicle checking beyond merely punishing measures. For this reason and given the greater prevalence of the issue among younger segments of the driving population, it is suggested that more emphasis on the matter could be made during novice driver’s training.

Ensuring road safety: the main stages of institutionalization in Russia

The article is devoted to the historical and legal study of the development and formation of the road safety system, the regularity of its development, legal regulation, especially during the period of motorization of the Russian Empire, and then the Soviet Republic, when the legislator set the tasks of ensuring road safety in a concrete form. Their consolidation in normative legal acts was of a casual nature, for example: avoid riding horses and bicycles on sidewalks; observe that painters with tubs, buckets and other accessories, hand carts and sleds, do not walk on the sidewalks, but follow the roads, obeying the general order of traffic on the street; not allowed to play balls, and similar games in the street in front of the houses, to fly kites, to wear uncovered mirrors so as not to frighten horses, to clutter the sidewalks with barrels, tar boxes, and firewood, and to prevent peddlers and merchants from blocking the free passage on the bridge and the passage on the sidewalk with their trays. The international experience of traffic regulation was used. Special attention was paid to the training of the driver’s staff. The propaganda of road safety of the Soviet society was widely introduced in all spheres of life, and then became part of the ideological education of the Soviet person. New «Traffic rules on the streets of cities, settlements and roads of the USSR» were approved. The State Traffic Inspectorate was reformed and new technologies were introduced into its activities, control and supervision of traffic was improved with the use of technical means and innovative technologies, which certainly affected a significant reduction in accidents in Russia.

The pattern of foot and ankle injury in a tertiary referral hospital in Indonesia: magnitude of traffic accident

Background: One of the contributing factors for foot and ankle injury was traffic accidents. A high incidence of foot and ankle injury need to be considered. There is still no adequate information about the epidemiology of foot and ankle injury in Indonesia. This study aims to describe the pattern of foot and ankle injury in Saiful Anwar General Hospital Malang, a tertiary referral hospital in Indonesia. We focused on the distribution of population demography, type of injury, site of injury, the mode of injury, and the treatment of foot and ankle injury.Methods: This cross-sectional study collected the data from the orthopaedic and traumatology department from January 2017 to January 2018. Orava modification classification was used to classify the injury type. The inclusion criteria were trauma patients. The exclusion criteria were the patients who passed away, non-traumatic foot and ankle pathology, refused definitive/all treatment, and unspecified injury site.Results: A total of 304 patients have met the inclusion criteria. Male patients dominated the number of foot and ankle injuries. The majority cause of the injury was traffic accidents (93.4%). The most common injury in this study was fracture (50.3%). Moreover, forefoot was the most common injured site (60.7%).Conclusions: In Indonesia, traffic accidents contribute to foot and ankle injury. The traffic regulation needed to curb the menace of traffic accidents in foot and ankle injury. However, further studies with more databases from multiple centers and evaluate the severity of the injury, the treatment, and the outcome are needed to provide a better study.

Congestion-Preventing Routing and Charging Scheduling Mechanism for Electric Vehicles in Dense Urban Areas

Traffic congestion in metropolitan areas all over the world has become a critical issue that governments mustdeal with effectively. Traffic congestion during rush hours causes vehicle drivers to arrive late at their destinations,resulting in significant economic losses. Although researchers have proposed solutions to the traffic congestionproblem, little research work has presented a joint route and charging planning strategy for electric vehicles(EVs) that alleviates traffic congestion problems simultaneously. Accordingly, a congestion-preventing route and charging planning mechanism for EVs is proposed in this work to tackle the complicated route and charging optimizationproblems of EVs. The route and charging planning proposed in this work analyzes the information providedby EVs, the charging points, and road traffic information simultaneously, and mediates the traffic jammingby means of a route and charging reservation mechanism. Possible occurrence of traffic congestion is detectedin advance and traffic regulation is carried out by allocating an elastic range to the traveling period for late-bookingEVs, to avoid moving during rush hours. EV owners are also encouraged to provide rideshare services forlate-booking EV users during rush hours. The simulation results reveal that the proposed work can satisfy thepreferred route and charging demands of EV users and alleviate traffic congestion effectively.

Review of the Remetinec roundabout reconstruction project in Zagreb

A very complex problem of the main roundabout projects development concerning the solutions given in the location permit and preliminary design, as well as new knowledge about communal infrastructure is given. Based on the new geodetic survey, subsequent requirements of the audit, investors, and obtained special conditions, it was necessary to adapt the technical solutions of the preliminary design. Particularly demanding work was defining the protection of the construction pit. The solution foreseen by the preliminary design and location permit for the works to be carried out under the traffic could not have survived, because of the technological reasons for the construction of the underpass and the very complex situation with the installations at that location. These facts required a complete suspension of traffic at the site and finding solutions to the temporary traffic regulation around the site. This was an unplanned and very demanding moment, given that the daily traffic at the intersection was around one hundred thousand vehicles a day. The solution to this problem was found in the construction of a temporary road, which conducts traffic through and around the construction site, thus enabling the smooth technological and technical organization of works while simultaneously conducting public and individual traffic to and from the city.