scholarly journals Modelling a Spectral Index to Detect Dispersed Oil in a Seawater Column Depending on the Viewing Angle: Gulf of Gdańsk Case Study

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 5352
Author(s):  
Emilia Baszanowska ◽  
Zbigniew Otremba ◽  
Jacek Piskozub
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Spectral Index ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Viewing Angle ◽  
Gulf Of Gdańsk ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Gulf Of Gdansk ◽  
Oil In Water Emulsion

This paper analyzes the digital modelling of radiance reflectance of the sea surface when the water column is polluted by oil-in-water emulsion. A method tracking the fate of two billion virtual solar photons was applied to obtain the angular distribution of bottom-up radiance for a plane of sunlight striking the sea surface. For the calculations, the inherent optical properties of seawater characteristic for the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea) were used. The analyses were performed for two types of oils with extremely different optical properties for an oil concentration of 10 ppm and for a roughened sea surface with a wind speed of 2 m/s. The spectral index for oil detection in seawater for different viewing angles was determined based on the results obtained for reflectance at eight wavelengths in the range of 412–676 nm for viewing angle in the range from 80° to 0°, both on the side of incidence of direct sunlight and on the opposite side. The resulting calculated spectral indexes for different wavelength combinations indicated significant dependence on the viewing angle.

Rubber Metabolism in Plant Life. Development of a New Theory

1949 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-911
Author(s):  
R. F. A. Altman
Keyword(s):  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Practical Reasons ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Liquid Rubber ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Radical Revision ◽  
Oil In Water Emulsion

Abstract Systematic analysis of the latex of Hevea brasiliensis yielded results which induced the author to study the metabolism of rubber more closely. As it was realized that the latex picture alone would not lead to sound conclusions about the formation and breakdown of rubber, analysis of the whole Hevea tree, from the highest leaflets down to the very root tips, seemed desirable. For practical reasons, however, such a profound investigation had to be reduced to the analysis of only the most important parts of the tree. The various analytical results obtained have forced the author to make a radical revision of some of the current concepts. For several reasons the synthesis of rubber probably takes place mainly in the green parts of the plant, and principally directly from carbon dioxide. The possibility of the formation of rubber from precursors (secondary formation) is still uncertain. Such formation, for example, must proceed in etiolated germinating plants. Freshly synthesized rubber is present in the plant in the liquid state. This liquid rubber is translocated through the plant in the form of a highly dispersed oil-in-water emulsion, in which the rubber droplets are surrounded by a layer of a phospholipoid complex. As an instructive illustration of this hypothesis the formation of latex is discussed. The process of polymerization results in the transformation of the liquid rubber into the solid phase'; this solid rubber is deposited everywhere in the plant. It appears most probable that, in Hevea brasiliensis, polymerization takes place mainly in the latex vessels. The breakdown of rubber, finally, is proved to be an oxidation process. For several reasons there is cause for believing that oxidation of rubber in the plant leads to the formation of those incrusting substances which are built up by C5-groups, i.e., pentosans, hemicelluloses, lignins, etc.

scholarly journals Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer Simulation to Analyze the Spectral Index for Remote Detection of Oil Dispersed in the Southern Baltic Sea Seawater Column: The Role of Water Surface State

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 247
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Otremba ◽  
Jacek Piskozub
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Spectral Index ◽  
Zenith Angle ◽  
Specular Reflection ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Optical Parameters ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Southern Baltic Sea ◽  
Southern Baltic

The article presents the results of simulations that take into account the optical parameters of the selected sea region (from literature data on the southern Baltic Sea) and two optically extreme types of crude oil (from historical data) which exist in the form of a highly watered-down oil-in-water emulsion (10 ppm). The spectral index was analyzed based on the results of modeling the radiance reflectance distribution for almost an entire hemisphere of the sky (zenith angle from 0 to 80°). The spectral index was selected and is universal for all optically different types of oil (wavelengths of 650 and 412 nm). The possibility of detecting pollution in the conditions of the wavy sea surface (as a result of wind of up to 10 m/s) was studied. It was also shown that if the viewing direction is close to a direction perpendicular to the sea surface, observations aimed at determining the spectral index are less effective than observations under the zenith angle of incidence of sunlight for all azimuths excluding the direction of sunlight’s specular reflection.

BRRDF Simulation Research on Detection Parameters of Oil-in-Water Emulsion of Oil Spill on Sea Surface

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (17) ◽  
pp. 1701001
Author(s):  
张晓丹 Zhang Xiaodan ◽  
孔德明 Kong Deming ◽  
袁丽 Yuan Li ◽  
孔德翰 Kong Dehan ◽  
孔令富 Kong Lingfu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Simulation Research ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Oil In Water Emulsion

A Model for Lubrication by Oil-in-Water Emulsions

2009 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sy-Wei Lo ◽  
Tzu-Chun Yang ◽  
Yong-An Cian ◽  
Kuo-Cheng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Film Thickness ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Oil Viscosity ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Critical Volume Fraction ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Dynamics Simulations ◽  
Oil In Water Emulsion

A model for oil-in-water emulsion has been developed in this paper. A group of viscosity coefficients transiting smoothly and incessantly from the thick film region to the thin film region is defined. The contributions from disperse and continuous phases to the total lubricant pressure and pressure gradient are functions of the oil concentration and the film thickness. The parameters used in these functions are determined by a series of computational fluid dynamics simulations. The onset of inversion and the viscosity after inversion are also investigated. It is found that the critical volume fraction of oil in the inception of inversion is dependent on the oil viscosity and a factor regarding the combined effects from the emulsifier, pH value, droplet size, and the shear rate. A series of simulations using the proposed model has been carried out and compared with the experimental results, such as the film thickness and the extension of oil pool for various rolling speeds and supply oil concentrations. The numerical outputs are basically in agreement with the experiments.

scholarly journals A Review of the Processes Associated with the Removal of Oil in Water Pollution

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12339
Author(s):  
Bradley Cerff ◽  
David Key ◽  
Bernard Bladergroen
Keyword(s):  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Oily Wastewater ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Water Separation ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Emulsion Separation ◽  
Environmentally Friendly Process ◽  
Oil In Water Emulsion

Water plays an essential role in production and refining processes. Many industries that use petrochemicals also require water, especially for cleaning purposes. The wastewaters released by these processes are often rich in petroleum pollutants, which requires significant treatment prior to disposal. The presence of petroleum contaminants in rivers and oceans is a significant threat to human health, as well as to many animal species. A current challenge for most industries and conventional effluent treatment plants is compliance with accepted disposal standards for oil-polluted wastewater. Of particular importance is the processing of dispersed oil in water, as well as oil in water emulsion. Conventional oil and water separation methods for processing oil in water contamination have several technology gaps in terms of applicability and efficiency. The removal and effective processing of dispersed oil and emulsions from oily wastewater is a costly and significant problem. The objective of this paper is to provide a review of the principles associated with oil in water emulsion separation, with the aim of providing a more definitive understanding of the terminology, processes, and methodologies, which will assist the development of a more efficient, innovative and environmentally friendly process for the separation of oily wastewater.

The Film Formation Mechanism of High Water-Based Emulsions

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianbin Luo ◽  
Liran Ma
Keyword(s):  
Formation Mechanism ◽  
Film Formation ◽  
High Water ◽  
Metal Working ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Volume Percentage ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Oil In Water Emulsion ◽  
Film Formation Mechanism

The oil-in-water emulsion has been widely used as lubricant in metal working such as metal rolling and cutting. The film formation ability of emulsion was considered as an important factor for evaluating the lubricating effectiveness. Although the film formation characteristics have been widely investigated, the mechanism is still not well understood. Furthermore there were seldom results reported on the emulsion with an oil volume percentage less than 1%. The film formation characteristic of emulsions with ultra-low oil concentration (0.005vol%) between a smooth plate and a highly polished steel ball was investigated. The effects of oil concentration and emulsifier concentration were investigated. New viewpoints on the film formation mechanism of emulsion were proposed.

scholarly journals Modelling Remote Sensing Reflectance to Detect Dispersed Oil at Sea

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilia Baszanowska ◽  
Zbigniew Otremba ◽  
Jacek Piskozub
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Spectral Index ◽  
Optical Parameters ◽  
Scattering Coefficients ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Remote Sensing Reflectance ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
The Monte Carlo Method ◽  
Oil In Water

This paper presents a model of upwelling radiation above the seawater surface in the event of a threat of dispersed oil. The Monte Carlo method was used to simulate a large number of solar photons in the water, eventually obtaining values of remote sensing reflectance (Rrs). Analyses were performed for the optical properties of seawater characteristic for the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea). The case of seawater contaminated by dispersed oil at a concentration of 10 ppm was also discussed for different wind speeds. Two types of oils with extremely different optical properties (refraction and absorption coefficients) were taken into account for consideration. The optical properties (absorption and scattering coefficients and angular light scattering distribution) of the oil-in-water dispersion system were determined using the Mie theory. The spectral index for oil detection in seawater for different wind conditions was determined based on the results obtained for reflectance at selected wavelengths in the range 412–676 nm. The determined spectral index for seawater free of oil achieves higher values for seawater contaminated by oil. The analysis of the values of the spectral indices calculated for 28 combinations of wavelengths was used to identify the most universal spectral index of Rrs for 555 nm/440 nm for dispersed oil detection using any optical parameters.

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