scholarly journals Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Muscle Specific Analysis of Intensity and Fatigue during Cross-Country Skiing Competition—A Case Report

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2535
Author(s):  
Thomas Stöggl ◽  
Dennis-Peter Born
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Specific Loading ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Muscle Groups

The aims of the study were to assess the robustness and non-reactiveness of wearable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology to monitor exercise intensity during a real race scenario, and to compare oxygenation between muscle groups important for cross-country skiing (XCS). In a single-case study, one former elite XCS (age: 39 years, peak oxygen uptake: 65.6 mL/kg/min) was equipped with four NIRS devices, a high-precision global navigation satellite system (GNSS), and a heart rate (HR) monitor during the Vasaloppet long-distance XCS race. All data were normalized to peak values measured during incremental laboratory roller skiing tests two weeks before the race. HR reflected changes in terrain and intensity, but showed a constant decrease of 0.098 beats per minute from start to finish. Triceps brachii (TRI) muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) showed an interchangeable pattern with HR and seems to be less affected by drift across the competition (0.027% drop per minute). Additionally, TRI and vastus lateralis (VL) SmO2 revealed specific loading and unloading pattern of XCS in uphill and downhill sections, while rectus abdominus (RA) SmO2 (0.111% drop per minute) reflected fatigue patterns occurring during the race. In conclusion, the present preliminary study shows that NIRS provides a robust and non-reactive method to monitor exercise intensity and fatigue mechanisms when applied in an outdoor real race scenario. As local exercise intensity differed between muscle groups and central exercise intensity (i.e., HR) during whole-body endurance exercise such as XCS, NIRS data measured at various major muscle groups may be used for a more detailed analysis of kinetics of muscle activation and compare involvement of upper body and leg muscles. As TRI SmO2 seemed to be unaffected by central fatigue mechanisms, it may provide an alternative method to HR and GNSS data to monitor exercise intensity.

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: More Accurate Than Heart Rate for Monitoring Intensity in Running in Hilly Terrain

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis-Peter Born ◽  
Thomas Stöggl ◽  
Mikael Swarén ◽  
Glenn Björklund
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Saturation Index ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Hilly Terrain

Purpose:To investigate the cardiorespiratory and metabolic response of trail running and evaluate whether heart rate (HR) adequately reflects the exercise intensity or if the tissue-saturation index (TSI) could provide a more accurate measure during running in hilly terrain.Methods:Seventeen competitive runners (4 women, V̇O2max, 55 ± 6 mL · kg–1 · min–1; 13 men, V̇O2max, 68 ± 6 mL · kg–1 · min–1) performed a time trial on an off-road trail course. The course was made up of 2 laps covering a total distance of 7 km and included 6 steep uphill and downhill sections with an elevation gain of 486 m. All runners were equipped with a portable breath-by-breath gas analyzer, HR belt, global positioning system receiver, and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) device to measure the TSI.Results:During the trail run, the exercise intensity in the uphill and downhill sections was 94% ± 2% and 91% ± 3% of maximal heart rate, respectively, and 84% ± 8% and 68% ± 7% of V̇O2max, respectively. The oxygen uptake (V̇O2) increased in the uphill sections and decreased in the downhill sections (P < .01). Although HR was unaffected by the altering slope conditions, the TSI was inversely correlated to the changes in V̇O2 (r = –.70, P < .05).Conclusions:HR was unaffected by the continuously changing exercise intensity; however, TSI reflected the alternations in V̇O2. Recently used exclusively for scientific purposes, this NIRS-based variable may offer a more accurate alternative than HR to monitor running intensity in the future, especially for training and competition in hilly terrain.

scholarly journals The use of near-infrared spectroscopy in understanding skeletal muscle physiology: recent developments

2011 ◽  
Vol 369 (1955) ◽  
pp. 4577-4590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Ferrari ◽  
Makii Muthalib ◽  
Valentina Quaresima
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Muscle Oxygenation ◽  
Muscle Physiology ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy

This article provides a snapshot of muscle near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) at the end of 2010 summarizing the recent literature, offering the present status and perspectives of the NIRS instrumentation and methods, describing the main NIRS studies on skeletal muscle physiology, posing open questions and outlining future directions. So far, different NIRS techniques (e.g. continuous-wave (CW) and spatially, time- and frequency-resolved spectroscopy) have been used for measuring muscle oxygenation during exercise. In the last four years, approximately 160 muscle NIRS articles have been published on different physiological aspects (primarily muscle oxygenation and haemodynamics) of several upper- and lower-limb muscle groups investigated by using mainly two-channel CW and spatially resolved spectroscopy commercial instruments. Unfortunately, in only 15 of these studies were the advantages of using multi-channel instruments exploited. There are still several open questions in the application of NIRS in muscle studies: (i) whether NIRS can be used in subjects with a large fat layer; (ii) the contribution of myoglobin desaturation to the NIRS signal during exercise; (iii) the effect of scattering changes during exercise; and (iv) the effect of changes in skin perfusion, particularly during prolonged exercise. Recommendations for instrumentation advancements and future muscle NIRS studies are provided.

scholarly journals Pacing, Exercise Intensity, and Technique by Performance Level in Long-Distance Cross-Country Skiing

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Stöggl ◽  
Markus Hertlein ◽  
Richard Brunauer ◽  
Boye Welde ◽  
Erik P. Andersson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Performance Level ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country

Onset of Accelerated Muscle Deoxygenation During the 20-m Shuttle Run Test in Boys

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 474-479
Author(s):  
Daisuke Kume ◽  
Akira Iguchi ◽  
Hiroshi Endoh
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Muscle Deoxygenation ◽  
Relative Exercise Intensity ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
Run Test ◽  
Shuttle Run

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the relative exercise intensity at which the onset of accelerated muscle deoxygenation occurs during the 20-m shuttle run test (20mSRT) between boys and men and to examine whether the timing of the onset of acceleration appearance is related to 20mSRT performance in boys. Methods: Twenty-four boys performed the 20mSRT, during which concentration changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin and myoglobin (ΔOxy-Hb and ΔDeoxy-Hb, respectively) in the m. vastus lateralis were monitored using a portable near-infrared spectroscopy device. The boys’ data were compared with those of 29 men in a previous study. Results: An onset of accelerated decrease in Δ[Oxy-Hb − Deoxy-Hb] was found in 11 of the 24 boys (45.8%) and 20 of the 29 men (69.0%) and was found at a higher relative exercise intensity in the boys than in the men. The number of laps at which the onset of acceleration occurred correlated with total laps in the boys (r = .87). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that the onset of accelerated muscle deoxygenation during the 20mSRT occurs at a higher relative exercise intensity in boys than in men. Our findings also show that the timing of the onset of acceleration appearance is associated with 20mSRT performance in boys.

scholarly journals The use of muscle near-infrared spectroscopy in sport, health and medical sciences: recent developments

2011 ◽  
Vol 369 (1955) ◽  
pp. 4591-4604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takafumi Hamaoka ◽  
Kevin K. McCully ◽  
Masatsugu Niwayama ◽  
Britton Chance
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Oxygen Utilization ◽  
Scattering Coefficients ◽  
Oxidative Energy Metabolism ◽  
Superficial Skin

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been shown to be one of the tools that can measure oxygenation in muscle and other tissues in vivo . This review paper highlights the progress, specifically in this decade, that has been made for evaluating skeletal muscle oxygenation and oxidative energy metabolism in sport, health and clinical sciences. Development of NIRS technologies has focused on improving quantification of the signal using multiple wavelengths to solve for absorption and scattering coefficients, multiple pathlengths to correct for the influence of superficial skin and fat, and time-resolved and phase-modulated light sources to determine optical pathlengths. In addition, advances in optical imaging with multiple source and detector pairs as well as portability using small wireless detectors have expanded the usefulness of the devices. NIRS measurements have provided information on oxidative metabolism in various athletes during localized exercise and whole-body exercise, as well as training-induced adaptations. Furthermore, NIRS technology has been used in the study of a number of chronic health conditions. Future developments of NIRS technology will include enhancing signal quantification. In addition, advances in NIRS imaging and portability promise to transform how measurements of oxygen utilization are obtained in the future.

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