scholarly journals Validation of the Apple Watch for Estimating Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Activity Energy Expenditure in School-Aged Children

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 6413
Author(s):  
Sunku Kwon ◽  
Youngwon Kim ◽  
Yang Bai ◽  
Ryan D. Burns ◽  
Timothy A. Brusseau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Living Condition ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
School Students ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
School Aged Children

The Apple Watch is one of the most popular wearable devices designed to monitor physical activity (PA). However, it is currently unknown whether the Apple Watch accurately estimates children’s free-living PA. Therefore, this study assessed the concurrent validity of the Apple Watch 3 in estimating moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) time and active energy expenditure (AEE) for school-aged children under a simulated and a free-living condition. Twenty elementary school students (Girls: 45%, age: 9.7 ± 2.0 years) wore an Apple Watch 3 device on their wrist and performed prescribed free-living activities in a lab setting. A subgroup of participants (N = 5) wore the Apple Watch for seven consecutive days in order to assess the validity in free-living condition. The K5 indirect calorimetry (K5) and GT3X+ were used as the criterion measure under simulated free-living and free-living conditions, respectively. Mean absolute percent errors (MAPE) and Bland-Altman (BA) plots were conducted to assess the validity of the Apple Watch 3 compared to those from the criterion measures. Equivalence testing determined the statistical equivalence between the Apple Watch and K5 for MVPA time and AEE. The Apple Watch provided comparable estimates for MVPA time (mean bias: 0.3 min, p = 0.91, MAPE: 1%) and for AEE (mean bias: 3.8 kcal min, p = 0.75, MAPE: 4%) during the simulated free-living condition. The BA plots indicated no systematic bias for the agreement in MVPA and AEE estimates between the K5 and Apple Watch 3. However, the Apple Watch had a relatively large variability in estimating AEE in children. The Apple Watch was statistically equivalent to the K5 within ±17.7% and ±20.8% for MVPA time and AEE estimates, respectively. Our findings suggest that the Apple Watch 3 has the potential to be used as a PA assessment tool to estimate MVPA in school-aged children.

Validity and Comparability of a Wrist-Worn Accelerometer in Children

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orjan Ekblom ◽  
Gisela Nyberg ◽  
Elin Ekblom Bak ◽  
Ulf Ekelund ◽  
Claude Marcus
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Roc Analysis ◽  
Living Condition ◽  
Criterion Measure ◽  
Physical Activity Intensity ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Activity Intensity ◽  
Mechanical Shaker

Background:Wrist-worn accelerometers may provide an alternative to hip-worn monitors for assessing physical activity as they are easier to wear and may thus facilitate long-term recordings. The current study aimed at a) assessing the validity of the Actiwatch (wrist-worn) for estimating energy expenditure, b) determining cut-off values for light, moderate, and vigorous activities, c) studying the comparability between the Actiwatch and the Actigraph (hip-worn), and d) assessing reliability.Methods:For validity, indirect calorimetry was used as criterion measure. ROC-analyses were applied to identify cut-off values. Comparability was tested by simultaneously wearing of the 2 accelerometers during free-living condition. Reliability was tested in a mechanical shaker.Results:All-over correlation between accelerometer output and energy expenditure were found to be 0.80 (P < .001).Based on ROC-analysis, cut-off values for 1.5, 3, and 6 METs were found to be 80, 262, and 406 counts per 15 s, respectively. Energy expenditure estimates differed between the Actiwatch and the Actigraph (P < .05). The intra- and interinstrument coefficient of variation of the Actiwatch ranged between 0.72% and 8.4%.Conclusion:The wrist-worn Actiwatch appears to be valid and reliable for estimating energy expenditure and physical activity intensity in children aged 8 to 10 years.

scholarly journals The Accuracy of Smart Devices for Measuring Physical Activity in Daily Life: Validation Study (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Degroote ◽  
Ilse De Bourdeaudhuij ◽  
Maïté Verloigne ◽  
Louise Poppe ◽  
Geert Crombez
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Interclass Correlation ◽  
Free Living Conditions ◽  
Good Agreement

BACKGROUND Wearables for monitoring physical activity (PA) are increasingly popular. These devices are not only used by consumers to monitor their own levels of PA but also by researchers to track the behavior of large samples. Consequently, it is important to explore how accurately PA can be tracked via these devices. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate convergent validity of 3 Android Wear smartwatches—Polar M600 (Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland), Huawei Watch (Huawei Technologies Co, Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China), Asus Zenwatch3 (AsusTek Computer Inc, Taipei, Taiwan)—and Fitbit Charge with an ActiGraph accelerometer for measuring steps and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on both a day level and 15-min level. METHODS A free-living protocol was used in which 36 adults engaged in usual daily activities over 2 days while wearing 2 different wearables on the nondominant wrist and an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer on the hip. Validity was evaluated on both levels by comparing each wearable with the ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer using correlations and Bland-Altman plots in IBM SPSS 24.0. RESULTS On a day level, all devices showed strong correlations (Spearman r=.757-.892) and good agreement (interclass correlation coefficient, ICC=.695-.885) for measuring steps, whereas moderate correlations (Spearman r=.557-.577) and low agreement (ICC=.377-.660) for measuring MVPA. Bland-Altman revealed a systematic overestimation of the wearables for measuring steps but a variation between over- and undercounting of MVPA. On a 15-min level, all devices showed strong correlations (Spearman r=.752-.917) and good agreement (ICC=.792-.887) for measuring steps, whereas weak correlations (Spearman r=.116-.208) and low agreement (ICC=.461-.577) for measuring MVPA. Bland-Altman revealed a systematic overestimation of the wearables for steps but under- or overestimation for MVPA depending on the device. CONCLUSIONS In sum, all 4 consumer-level devices can be considered accurate step counters in free-living conditions. This study, however, provides evidence of systematic bias for all devices in measurement of MVPA. The results on a 15-min level also indicate that these devices are not sufficiently accurate to provide correct real-time feedback.

scholarly journals Inter-Device Agreement between Fitbit Flex 1 and 2 for Assessing Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2716
Author(s):  
Sunku Kwon ◽  
Ryan D. Burns ◽  
Youngwon Kim ◽  
Yang Bai ◽  
Wonwoo Byun
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Living Condition ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Equivalence Testing ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Systematic Biases ◽  
Model Agreement

This study examined the inter-model agreement between the Fitbit Flex (FF) and FF2 in estimating sedentary behavior (SED) and physical activity (PA) during a free-living condition. 33 healthy adults wore the FF and FF2 on non-dominant wrist for 14 consecutive days. After excluding sleep and non-wear time, data from the FF and FF2 was converted to the time spent (min/day) in SED and PA using a proprietary algorithm. Pearson’s correlation was used to evaluate the association between the estimates from FF and FF2. Mean absolute percent errors (MAPE) were used to examine differences and measurement agreement in SED and PA estimates between FF and FF2. Bland-Altman (BA) plots were used to examine systematic bias between two devices. Equivalence testing was conducted to examine the equivalence between the FF and FF2. The FF2 had strong correlations with the FF in estimating SED and PA times. Compared to the FF, the FF2 yielded similar SED and PA estimates along with relatively low measurement discords and did not have significant systematic biases for SED and Moderate-to-vigorous PA estimates. Our findings suggest that researchers may choose FF2 as a measurement of SED and PA when FF is not available in the market during the longitudinal PA research.

scholarly journals Youth Physical Activity Patterns During School and Out-of-School Time

Children ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Saint-Maurice ◽  
Yang Bai ◽  
Spyridoula Vazou ◽  
Gregory Welk
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Discrete Time ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
After School ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
School Students ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Out Of School

This study describes age, sex, and season patterns in children’s physical activity behaviors during discrete time periods, both in school and at home. Participants were 135 elementary, 67 middle, and 89 high-school students (128 boys and 163 girls) involved in a larger school activity monitoring project. We examined time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) at recess, physical education (PE), lunch, commuting to/from school, before-school, after-school, evening, and weekend segments. Differences in MVPA by age, sex, and season were examined using a three-way analysis of variance and separately for each individual segment. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels varied by context and were higher during recess (15.4 ± 8.5 min) while at school, and on Saturdays (97.4 ± 89.5 min) when youth were out-of-school. Elementary children were more active than their older counterparts only during lunch time, after-school, and Sunday (p < 0.05). Boys were consistently more active than girls at all segments. Participants were only more active during non-winter than winter months during PE (p = 0.006), after-school (p < 0.001), and Sunday (p = 0.008) segments. These findings showed that activity levels in youth vary during the day and season. The segments reflect discrete time periods that can potentially be targeted and evaluated to promote physical activity in this population.

scholarly journals School-Based and PRECEDE-PROCEED-Model Intervention to Promote Physical Activity in the High School Students: Case Study of Iran

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baratali Rezapour ◽  
Firoozeh Mostafavi ◽  
Hamid Reza Khalkhali
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
High Schools ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
School Students ◽  
School Based Intervention ◽  
School Based ◽  
Sedentary Life Style

<p><strong>OBJECTIVES:</strong> Students attend sedentary life style and less like vigorous physical activity. This study investigated the effects of School-based intervention<strong> </strong>on increasing physical activity for decreasing obesity among high-school obese and overweight boys, based on the components of PRECEDE PROCEED Model, to participate in median - vigorous physical activity among the first Period of high school boys in the city of Urmia, Iran</p><p><strong>METHODS:</strong> This study was an experimental intervention that conducted at 4 high schools that were divided into 2 groups of intervention (40) and the control (40) male students, schools in junior high schools in Urmia.</p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Three and six months after the intervention, significant differences were found between the experimental and control groups of schools, in the amount of students’ participation in vigorous physical activity (p&lt;0.01).</p><p><strong>CONCLUSIONS:</strong> According to the results, the school-based intervention and components of PRECEDE PROCEED Model had a positive impact on the improvement of physical activity and decrease in physical inactivity among the students.</p>

Active School Lesson Breaks Increase Daily Vigorous Physical Activity, but Not Daily Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity in Elementary School Boys

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew N. Wilson ◽  
Timothy Olds ◽  
Kurt Lushington ◽  
Somayeh Parvazian ◽  
James Dollman
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Elementary School ◽  
Elementary School Students ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Classroom Behaviors ◽  
School Students ◽  
Type Method ◽  
Modest Increase ◽  
School Day ◽  
And Control

Purpose:Brief classroom-based episodes of physical activity (active lesson breaks, ALBs) have improved schoolchildren’s classroom behaviors in some studies, and may also increase the likelihood of children meeting the recommended daily minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). However, there is emerging evidence that increases in physical activity at particular times of the day may lead to compensatory declines at other times. This study explored evidence for compensatory declines in response to a 10 min ALB during the school day.Method:Thirty-eight 12-year-old boys from a single elementary school completed intervention and control conditions in a cross-over design, with each phase lasting one week. The intervention consisted of a single 10-min active lesson break delivered on each of three days in the intervention week. Twenty-four hour accelerometry was used to quantify moderate and vigorous physical activity.Results:ALBs increased in-school MVPA by 5.8 min (p < .0001), but overall daily MVPA was similar between intervention and control conditions (77.2 vs 77.4 min/d, p > .05), However, vigorous physical activity increased significantly over the whole day (11.2 vs 8.9 min, p = .0006).Conclusion:A brief episode of classroom-based play led to a modest increase in vigorous physical activity in elementary school students, but did not increase MVPA across the day.

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