scholarly journals Novel Applications of Microextraction Techniques Focused on Biological and Forensic Analyses

Separations ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Cristian D’Ovidio ◽  
Martina Bonelli ◽  
Enrica Rosato ◽  
Angela Tartaglia ◽  
Halil İbrahim Ulusoy ◽  
...  

In recent years, major attention has been focused on microextraction procedures that allow high recovery of target analytes, regardless of the complexity of the sample matrices. The most used techniques included liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS), and fabric-phase sorptive extraction (FPSE). These techniques manifest a rapid development of sample preparation techniques in different fields, such as biological, environmental, food sciences, natural products, forensic medicine, and toxicology. In the biological and forensic fields, where a wide variety of drugs with different chemical properties are analyzed, the sample preparation is required to make the sample suitable for the instrumental analysis, which often includes gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass detectors or tandem mass detectors (MS/MS). In this review, we have focused our attention on the biological and forensic application of these innovative procedures, highlighting the major advantages and results that have been accomplished in laboratory and clinical practice.

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 788-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasa P. Kalogiouri ◽  
Victoria F. Samanidou

Background:The sample preparation is the most crucial step in the analytical method development. Taking this into account, it is easily understood why the domain of sample preparation prior to detection is rapidly developing. Following the modern trends towards the automation, miniaturization, simplification and minimization of organic solvents and sample volumes, green microextraction techniques witness rapid growth in the field of food quality and safety. In a globalized market, it is essential to face the consumers need and develop analytical methods that guarantee the quality of food products and beverages. The strive for the accurate determination of organic hazards in a famous and appreciated alcoholic beverage like wine has necessitated the development of microextraction techniques.Objective:The objective of this review is to summarize all the recent microextraction methodologies, including solid phase extraction (SPE), solid phase microextraction (SPME), liquid-phase microextraction (LPME), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), single-drop microextraction (SDME) and dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) that were developed for the determination of hazardous organic compounds (pesticides, mycotoxins, colorants, biogenic amines, off-flavors) in wine. The analytical performance of the techniques is evaluated and their advantages and limitations are discussed.Conclusion:An extensive investigation of these techniques remains vital through the development of novel strategies and the implication of new materials that could upgrade the selectivity for the extraction of target analytes.


2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norfahana Abd-Talib ◽  
Siti Hamidah Mohd-Setapar ◽  
Aidee Kamal Khamis

Over recent years, there has been an explosive growth of sample preparation techniques. Sample preparation is in most cases meant to be the isolation online or offline concentration of some components of interest or target analytes. Solid phase extraction (SPE) is a very popular technique nowadays in sample preparation. The principal is quite similar with liquid- liquid extraction (LLE) which involves partition of solutes between two phases. But, there are some differences between them and some benefits and limitations of difference types of SPE technique like presented in this paper.


2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Pena-Pereira ◽  
Regina Duarte ◽  
Armando Duarte

AbstractThe miniaturization and improvement of sample preparation is a challenge that has been fulfilled up to a point in many fields of analytical chemistry. Particularly, the hyphenation of microextraction with advanced analytical techniques has allowed the monitoring of target analytes in a vast variety of environmental samples. Several benefits can be obtained when miniaturized techniques such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) or liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) are applied, specifically, their easiness, rapidity and capability to separate and pre-concentrate target analytes with a negligible consumption of organic solvents. In spite of the great acceptance that these green sample preparation techniques have in environmental research, their full implementation has not been achieved or even attempted in some relevant environmental matrices. In this work, a critical review of the applications of LPME and SPME techniques to isolate and pre-concentrate traces of organic pollutants is provided. In addition, the influence of the environmental matrix on the effectiveness of LPME and SPME for isolating the target organic pollutants is addressed. Finally, unsolved issues that may hinder the application of these techniques for the extraction of dissolved organic matter from environmental samples and some suggestions for developing novel and less selective enrichment and isolation procedures for natural organic matter on the basis of SPME and LPME are included.


Author(s):  
Abookleesh L Frage , Almrhag M. Omar , Zatout M. Massoud

Headspace solid phase microextraction, fundamental& principle with its application on the determination of various pesticides are reviewed in this article. Pesticides extraction as a sample preparation step prior to subsequent analysis is aimed to achieve a reliable and accurate determination of this contaminants residue in food. Fast and high efficiency extraction process with free solvent consumption and overall cost is achieved through headspace solid phase micro extraction. HSPME is an equilibrium process which depends on the physio-chemical properties of the analyte to be extracted. Sample preparation and extraction condition such as fiber coating, temperature, time etc, have a direct impact on the extraction efficiency and sensitivity of headspace technique.


2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 731-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcello Locatelli ◽  
Angela Tartaglia ◽  
Silvia Piccolantonio ◽  
Luigi Alessandro Di Iorio ◽  
Elena Sperandio ◽  
...  

Background: Recently, in all fields of analytical chemistry, increased attention has been paid to extraction procedures and instrumental methods, which are easily scalable and are able to automate in order to improve the “high-throughput” capability. Introduction: The main goal of these applications relates to an improvement of the precision in the quantitative analysis, reduction of different sources of errors, decrease the analysis time and, in general, improve the analytical performances. Often these points can be in contrast to each other, not allowing to achieve the expected result but forcing a compromise between the objectives of the method and the analytical performance. Methods: In this review, following the evolution of the (micro)extraction procedures and instrument configurations, the recent procedures used in bioanalytical chemistry are critically evaluated. The aim of this paper is providing an overview of the approaches available in order to perform on-line coupling of various extraction techniques with chromatographic methods for the analysis of different compounds in various samples. Furthermore, a comparison between off-line and on-line systems, advantages of on-line systems applied on major extractive techniques and future perspectives are described. Result: The extraction methods suitable for on-line coupling covered in this review are: liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid phase extraction (SPE), solid phase microextraction (SPME), dispersive liquid- liquid microextraction (DLLME), microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE). Conclusion: An overview of the micro-extraction techniques mentioned above was provided, making a comparison between them and focusing attention on future perspectives.


Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (24) ◽  
pp. 6053
Author(s):  
Guillermo Lasarte-Aragonés ◽  
Rafael Lucena ◽  
Soledad Cárdenas

Dispersive microextraction techniques are key in the analytical sample treatment context as they combine a favored thermodynamics and kinetics isolation of the target analytes from the sample matrix. The dispersion of the extractant in the form of tiny particles or drops, depending on the technique, into the sample enlarges the contact surface area between phases, thus enhancing the mass transference. This dispersion can be achieved by applying external energy sources, the use of chemicals, or the combination of both strategies. Effervescence-assisted microextraction emerged in 2011 as a new alternative in this context. The technique uses in situ-generated carbon dioxide as the disperser, and it has been successfully applied in the solid-phase and liquid-phase microextraction fields. This minireview explains the main fundamentals of the technique, its potential and the main developments reported.


2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 652-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vida Vičkačkaitė ◽  
Audrius Padarauskas

AbstractThe tremendous potential of room temperature ionic liquids as an alternative to environmentally harmful ordinary organic solvents is well recognized. Due to their unique properties, such as low volatility, tunable viscosity and miscibility, and electrolytic conductivity, ionic liquids have attracted extensive attention and gained popularity in many areas of analytical chemistry including modern sample preparation techniques. In this review the advantages and limitations of application of ionic liquids as solvents/sorbents for microextraction are critically discussed. Topics covered include solid-phase microextraction, single drop microextraction, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction. The compatibility of the ionic liquid-based microextraction with different analytical techniques such as gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, electrothermal or flame atomic absorption spectrometry and some others is also discussed. Finally, the main practical applications on this topic are summarized.


Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Theodoros Chatzimitakos ◽  
Phoebe Anagnostou ◽  
Ioanna Constantinou ◽  
Kalliroi Dakidi ◽  
Constantine Stalikas

In the last decades, a myriad of materials has been synthesized and utilized for the development of sample preparation procedures. The use of their magnetic analogues has gained significant attention and many procedures have been developed using magnetic materials. In this context, the benefits of a new class of magnetic ionic liquids (MILs), as non-conventional solvents, have been reaped in sample preparation procedures. MILs combine the advantageous properties of ionic liquids along with the magnetic properties, creating an unsurpassed combination. Owing to their unique nature and inherent benefits, the number of published reports on sample preparation with MILs is increasing. This fact, along with the many different types of extraction procedures that are developed, suggests that this is a promising field of research. Advances in the field are achieved both by developing new MILs with better properties (showing either stronger response to external magnetic fields or tunable extractive properties) and by developing and/or combining methods, resulting in advanced ones. In this advancing field of research, a good understanding of the existing literature is needed. This review aims to provide a literature update on the current trends of MILs in different modes of sample preparation, along with the current limitations and the prospects of the field. The use of MILs in dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, single drop microextraction, matrix solid-phase dispersion, etc., is discussed herein among others.


Author(s):  
Liyun Ye ◽  
Suzanne Budge

Cannabinoids biosynthesis in phytoplankton has attracted much attention due to the rapid development of genetic tools and the optimization of genetic transformation methods in microalgae. To monitor the biosynthesis process, proper sample preparation and practical instrumental methods are needed to measure the various precursors, intermediates, cannabinoids, and their degradation products. The objective of this study was to develop a sample preparation procedure for the quantification of olivetolic acid (OA), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), olivetol (OL), cannabidiol (CBD), and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) using single-quadrupole gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Isochrysis galbana was used as the model matrix. After methanol extraction, samples were purified using solid phase extraction (SPE), silylated with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide, and analyzed using GC-MS in electron ionization mode. A strong anion-exchange SPE efficiently recovered OA, CBGA, CBDA, and THCA. A graphitized carbon black SPE was necessary to purify OL, CBD, and THC. Both columns removed amino acids, sugars, polyols, and pigments from the algae extract and prepared samples that are suitable for silylation and GC-MS analysis. The total protocol, including solvent extraction, SPE, silylation, and GC-MS analysis, was validated in accordance with the ICH guidelines. Performance characteristics of our method are superior to existing protocols with similar complexity in the literature.


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