scholarly journals Trust in European Institutions in Explaining the Entrepreneurship in European Union Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Gawel ◽  
Timo Toikko
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Institutional Trust ◽  
Panel Regression ◽  
Government Budget ◽  
European Institutions ◽  
Trust In Institutions ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications

Entrepreneurship is believed to be shaped by institutions; however, the paper assumes that trust in institutions is a fundamental prerequisite for the impact of institutions on entrepreneurship. The aims of the paper are to determine (i) whether trust in European institutions affects the level of entrepreneurship in European Union countries, and (ii) whether there are any differences in this impact regarding the types of institutions and (iii) a country’s government budget size. Based on yearly panel data for 27 European Union countries in the years 2004–2019 and estimations of panel regression models, the results show that confidence in institutions is a significant factor in explaining entrepreneurship. However, institutional trust has no homogeneous effect on entrepreneurship, as the impact depends on the kind of institutions related to their functions and values as well as on the country’s characteristics in relation to the size of the government’s budget. Practical implications suggest the possibilities of supporting entrepreneurship—especially in countries with a relatively lower public redistribution—by raising the level of confidence in the European Central Bank. The originality of the paper is related to distinguishing institutional trust based on the type of institutions and the country’s characteristics of governmental budget size.

scholarly journals Relationships between Renewable Energy and the Prevalence of Morbidity in the Countries of the European Union: A Panel Regression Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6548
Author(s):  
Robert Stefko ◽  
Beata Gavurova ◽  
Miroslav Kelemen ◽  
Martin Rigelsky ◽  
Viera Ivankova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Panel Regression ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Panel Regression Models

The main objective of the presented study was to examine the associations between the use of renewable energy sources in selected sectors (transport, electricity, heating, and cooling) and the prevalence of selected groups of diseases in the European Union, with an emphasis on the application of statistical methods considering the structure of data. The analyses included data on 27 countries of the European Union from 2010 to 2019 published in the Eurostat database and the Global Burden of Disease Study. Panel regression models (pooling model, fixed (within) effects model, random effects model) were primarily used in analytical procedures, in which a panel variable was represented by countries. In most cases, positive and significant associations between the use of renewable energy sources and the prevalence of diseases were confirmed. The results of panel regression models could be generally interpreted as meaning that renewable energy sources are associated with the prevalence of diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and kidney diseases, digestive diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, neoplasms, sense organ diseases, and skin and subcutaneous diseases at a significance level (α) of 0.05 and lower. These findings could be explained by the awareness of the health problem and the response in the form of preference for renewable energy sources. Regarding statistical methods used for country data or for data with a specific structure, it is recommended to use the methods that take this structure into account. The absence of these methods could lead to misleading conclusions.

scholarly journals The impact of government outsourcing on public spending: Evidence from European Union countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Alonso ◽  
Judith Clifton ◽  
Daniel Díaz-Fuentes
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Public Spending ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Assessment of the Effect of Technological Innovations on Unemployment in the European Union Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-139
Author(s):  
Zigmas Lydeka ◽  
Akvile Karaliute
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Method Of Moments ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Technological Innovations ◽  
Labour Demand ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
The Impact

Innovation and unemployment are two economic elements related to each other that have been constantly analyzed in the economic debates from the beginning of the 21st century. A classical question is whether innovation creates or destroys jobs. The conventional approach contemplates innovation as a transformation instrument of an economy, resulting in economic growth and jobs creation. Another approach points out to various mechanisms which can compensate the primary effect of innovations and cause an ultimate effect of innovations on labour demand to be unclear. In view of the fact that there are many different explanations about the impact of innovations on labour demand, this paper, after the analysis of theoretical and empirical scientific literature in this field, provides an empirical analysis with unemployment as the dependent variable. The authors use data from 28 European Union countries for the period of 1992–2016 and pursue to research how technological innovations affect unemployment rate. There are two core independent variables – expenditure on R&D (research and development) and number of patent applications – as the main proxies for technological innovations. Control variables that affect unemployment are included to the model as well. The model was estimated using a dynamic two-step System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM-SYS) of a panel data system. After the composition of 12 different estimations of the model, the results suggest that, in some cases, technological innovations affect unemployment.

The Effects of High Stakes Educational Testing on Enrollments in an Era of Hyper-Expansion: Cross-National Evidence, 1960–2010

Social Forces ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared Furuta ◽  
Evan Schofer ◽  
Shawn Wick
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Education For All ◽  
Educational Expansion ◽  
Panel Regression ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Nation States ◽  
High Stakes Exams ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cross National

Abstract How do national high-stakes exams affect educational expansion across the world? High-stakes exams are conventionally viewed as systems of exclusion that constrain enrollments. In this paper, we situate exams within a broader historical and institutional context and argue that the constraining effect of exams on educational enrollments is a recent phenomenon. Exam systems diffused globally at a time when schooling was a limited enterprise, linked to just a few occupational roles. The later emergence of more inclusive visions of education, culminating in the Education for All (EFA) movement, propelled rapid global educational expansion. In this context, national high-stakes exam systems institutionalize earlier logics of selective education and consequently blunt the impact of more recent expansionary norms. Using panel regression models and a newly constructed dataset of 142 countries from 1960 to 2010, we show that high-stakes exams are associated with lower enrollments. However, this association is strongest in recent years, and exams interact negatively with measures of international pro-educational norms and pressures on nation-states. These findings are consistent with our historical/institutional argument: Exams constrain enrollments in recent years, in part by rendering nations less responsive to global expansionary pressures.

scholarly journals Potential and competitiveness of EU countries in terms of slaughter livestock production

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 550-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Tłuczak
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Spatial Econometrics ◽  
Cattle Production ◽  
Strong Concentration ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Slaughter Cattle ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Models and methods of spatial econometrics are gaining more and more popularity. Their advantage is the opportunity to examine the interrelationships between individual territorial units. These methods, apart from the own potential of the region, take into account the impact of neighbouring objects and location in space. The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between the potential and the level of competitiveness of individual European Union countries in the field of slaughter cattle production. In addition, the paper attempts to determine the specialisation of individual EU countries in the production of slaughter animals by sector. The analysis covered the years 2010–2016, using Eurostat data. The obtained results allow indicating countries in which there is a strong concentration of income potential (Sweden, Spain, Great Britain, France and Belgium). Countries in which the highest values of the potential quotients in the entire European Union are distinguished (Poland, Finland and Belgium).<br />

scholarly journals O2C.6 The economic burden of occupational injuries and diseases in five european union countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. A17.3-A18
Author(s):  
Emile Tompa ◽  
Amirabbas Mofidi ◽  
Young Jung ◽  
Thijmen van Bree ◽  
Swenneke van den Heuvel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Occupational Injuries ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Cost Categories ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this study was to estimate the economic burden of occupational injuries and diseases in five European Union countries for the reference year 2015.We used a ‘bottom up’ approach to estimate the economic burden from a societal perspective for Finland, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, and Poland. Three broad cost categories were considered—direct health care, indirect productivity, and intangible health-related quality of life costs. The methods started with data on newly diagnosed occupational injuries and diseases from calendar year 2015. We considered lifetime costs for cases across all cost categories. Sensitivity analysis was undertaken to assess the impact of key parameters.Indirect costs represent the largest proportion of total costs (with the exception is Poland), ranging from 66% for The Netherland to 43% for Poland. Intangible costs are the second highest, ranging from 49% for Poland to 21% for Finland and The Netherlands. Direct costs range from 16% for Finland to 8% for Poland.Average per case costing is highest for The Netherlands (€75,342), followed by Italy (€58,411), German (€44,919), Finland (€43,069) and lastly Poland (€38,918). Total costs as a percentage of GDP are highest for Poland (10.4%), followed by Italy (6.7%), The Netherlands (3.6%), Germany (3.3%) and lastly Finland (2.7%). In terms of costs per working population, the value is highest for Italy (€4,956), followed by The Netherland (€2,930), Poland (€2,793), Germany (€2,527) and lastly Finland (€2,331).The economic burden of occupational injuries and diseases in the countries considered are substantial, despite efforts to reduce adverse workplace exposures. Our case costs and total economic burden estimates provide a basis for undertaking economic evaluations of prevention efforts and can serve as a template for monitoring and evaluation at the country level. We advance the methods on several fronts.

scholarly journals Community Pharmacies in Poland—The Journey from a Deregulated to a Strictly Regulated Market

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (23) ◽  
pp. 8751
Author(s):  
Marcin Wiśniewski ◽  
Urszula Religioni ◽  
Piotr Merks
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Community Pharmacies ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Impact

Community pharmacies are the primary entities providing drugs to individual patients in Poland. The pharmacy market has been changing for many years due to significant changes in market regulations. These changes significantly affect the profitability of pharmacies, which may impact the quality of pharmacotherapy. The small number of pharmacies, which resulted from changes in the law in 2017, can influence the level of patient care. The article presents the community pharmacies market in Poland. Particular attention is paid to the legal regulations affecting community pharmacies and the impact of these regulations on the overall shape of the market. The Polish system’s specificity, including the pharmacy market indicators, has been compared with data from other European Union countries.

scholarly journals MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TAX ECONOMIC REFORMS IN EU COUNTRIES

2019 ◽  
pp. 36-45
Author(s):  
I. Marekha ◽  
V. Myrhorodska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Environmental Tax ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Macroeconomic Factors ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The article substantiates the necessity to introduce systematic and effective tax eco-reforms in the context of resource-oriented economic development by the European Union countries. The performance and effectiveness of the reforms are estimated in relation to the main four groups of environmental taxes: energy taxes, pollution taxes, resource taxes and transport taxes. The macroecological policy of the European Union countries is the object of the undertaken analysis. The article examines the impact of macroeconomic factors on environmental taxes across the EU, using a correlation analysis toolkit. Four groups of macroeconomic parameters were selected for analysis: internal macroeconomic factors (nominal GDP, real GDP, inflation, business cycle stage, budget deficit, energy consumption level); external macroeconomic factors (government debt, exports, foreign direct investments); institutional macroparameters (environmental culture, shadow economy, trust in government) and fiscal macroparameters (tax culture and fiscal freedom). The economic interpretation of the obtained correlates is given. Based on the correlation analysis, stimulators and de-stimulators of tax environmental reforms across the EU were identified. It is established that the factors that positively influence on the tax environmental reforms are the overwhelming majority of the analyzed factors. The formation of indicators of the effectiveness of tax environmental reforms is undertaken for six countries of the Community. In particular, the analysis covers three economic leaders (Germany, the United Kingdom and France) and three leading EU countries in the field of environmental tax collection (Latvia, Greece and Slovenia). The article presents approaches to improving the assessment of the effectiveness of tax environmental reforms based on the consideration of fiscal (budget-filling) and reproductive (multiplicative) functions of environmental taxes. In this regard, the environmental tax multiplier and accelerator, as well as the GDP elasticity coefficient for environmental taxes, were calculated for the analyzed group of countries. The criteria of economic efficiency of tax eco-reforms are proposed. Keywords: environmental taxes, macroeconomic effect, macro-environmental policy, multiplier, accelerator, elasticity

scholarly journals Normalizacja zmiennych a porządkowanie krajów Unii Europejskiej pod względem stopnia wykorzystania technologii ICT w przedsiębiorstwach

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-89
Author(s):  
Patrycja Wieczorek ◽  
◽  
Eliza Frejtag-Mika ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Linear Ordering ◽  
Data Normalization ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Range Correlation ◽  
Measure Of Similarity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Diagnostic Variables

The main issue of multivariate comparative analysis is the normalization of variables. The literature offers various procedures for data normalization, and therefore the researcher has to choose between them. The article presents and discusses the most commonly used normalizing formulas. The article assesses the impact of data normalization procedures on the results of the linear ordering of European Union countries in terms of the level of ICT usage in enterprises. A hypothesis was formulated that the method of data normalization influenced the position of the objects in the ranking. The study is based on statistical data from Eurostat for the year 2018. Based on the selected diagnostic variables, values for a synthetic measure have been determined for individual countries. The synthetic measure was calculated according to the model-less method of linear ordering using four types of normalization. The method used in the research allowed the creation of rankings for the countries. The compliance of the orders thus obtained was compared using the Spearman’s coefficient of range correlation and the measure of similarity of rankings. As the study shows, the choice of normalization formula influences the result of linear ordering, which is not due to any change in the data structure. It was proven that the quotient transformation with the normalization base equal to the maximum value allowed the most similar ranking to be obtained of the examined objects in relation to the Rother rankings. The results of the study show that Denmark, Sweden and Finland had the highest positions in each ranking while Bulgaria, Romania and Latvia had the lowest positions.

scholarly journals Determinants of Public Indebtedness in European Union Countries

e-Finanse ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 76-86
Author(s):  
Janusz Kudła
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Dynamic Panel ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Panel Regressions ◽  
General Government ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Growth Differential

AbstractThe paper strives to determine the impact of fiscal variables on factors determining the dynamics of public debt in European Union countries. Based on the literature, the dynamics of public debt are determined by changes of three elements: the primary balance, interest-rate-growth-differential and the change of government assets. Therefore, it seems reasonable to estimate the dynamics of these three values to find the variables crucial for limiting the growth of public debt. Three groups of dynamic panel regressions were estimated based on the one-step Generalized Method of Moments. The data was collected for the 1995-2015 period for 27 EU countries. Dependent variables included: primary balance, interest-rate-growth-differential and change of government assets. Independent variables consisted of: interest payable to GDP ratio, unemployment rate, squared unemployment rate, FDI stock to GDP, net FDI inflow to GDP, general government expenditures to GDP, share of social security expenditures and openness of the economy measured by the ratio of export and import to GDP. On the basis of statistical data, three components of debt changes were distinguished, and estimations of the dynamic panel regressions were applied to find the impact of independent variables. According to the basic models, the primary balance is lower for: countries with higher unemployment, greater FDI stock and higher general government expenditures. The interest-rate-growth-differential is lower in the case of: high subsidies and for a more open economy. However, unemployment and FDI remain the most important determinants of this variable. The change of government’s assets ratio decreases as FDI net inflows or the share of expenditures to GDP increase as well as in the case of very high unemployment.

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