scholarly journals Timing, Initiators, and Causes of Divorce in a Mayangna/Miskito Community in Nicaragua

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Winking ◽  
Jeremy Koster
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Behavioral Ecology ◽  
Family Studies ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Buffering Effect ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
Partner Preferences ◽  
Divorce Rates ◽  
Oriented Research

There exists a paucity of evolution-oriented research focusing on why relationships end, particularly in comparison to the substantial literature centered around individual preferences that define the beginning of relationships. In contrast, there is a long tradition in the fields of sociology and family studies of exploring divorce; however, this body of research is largely limited to studies of Western populations. We address these gaps in the literature with an examination of patterns of divorce among a small-scale horticultural population in Nicaragua. We test a number of hypotheses derived from behavioral ecology perspective regarding the timing and causes of divorce. Results lend support to all but one of the hypotheses. Overall divorce rates are comparable to U.S. rates; however, they tend to occur earlier in marriages. Children appear to provide a slight buffering effect against divorce, although age in marriage does not. Gender differences in the reported causes of divorce fall along the lines that would be expected due to differences in partner preferences reported in previous research. Finally, this population also exhibits a similar peculiar pattern exhibited by Western populations, in which divorce is more costly for women, and yet women are slightly more likely to initiate divorces than husbands.

Herd Structure, Leadership, Dominance and Site Attachment of the Camel, Camelus Dromedarius

Behaviour ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 118 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 103-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert Schulte ◽  
Hans Klingel
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Camelus Dromedarius ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
Partner Preferences ◽  
Site Attachment ◽  
Dominance Relationships ◽  
Herd Structure ◽  
Four Levels

AbstractSocial structure and relationships in a herd of captive camels were studied in Kenya. During day and night the herd split up irrespective of kinship. Partner preferences existed only in those camels who had previously been kept in a small group separated from the herd. Dominance relationships are anonymous with four levels: a) dominant breeding bulls, b) females and bachelors, c) subadults, and d) calves. No stable leadership was observed, but individual preferences in the walking order existed when the camels left and entered the enclosure. During the night most camels showed an amazing attachment to a particular resting site; in a new boma they used corresponding sites. During moon nights activity was greatly increased.

Preferences for the Scope of Protests

2020 ◽  
pp. 106591292090500
Author(s):  
Miquel Pellicer ◽  
Eva Wegner ◽  
Alexander De Juan
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
South African ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The Political ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Individual Preferences

This paper studies a dimension of protest largely overlooked in the literature: protest scope, that is, whether protests seek large, structural, changes for a large share of the population or focus on small-scale improvements for small groups. We argue that this protest dimension is relevant for understanding the political consequences of protests. We show empirically that protests vary substantially in scope and that scope is not collinear with other protest dimensions, such as size, motive, or tactics. We explore drivers of individual preferences for protest scope with a survey experiment in two South African townships. We find that respondents made to feel more efficacious tend to support protests of broader scope. This effect operates via a social psychology channel whereby efficacy leads people to assign blame for their problems to more systemic causes.

Short-form versions of the Spanish MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventories

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 837-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
DONNA JACKSON-MALDONADO ◽  
VIRGINIA A. MARCHMAN ◽  
LIA C. H. FERNALD
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Diverse Populations ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Short Forms ◽  
Communicative Development

ABSTRACTThe Spanish-language MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventories (S-CDIs) are well-established parent report tools for assessing the language development of Spanish-speaking children under 3 years. Here, we introduce the short-form versions of the S-CDIs (SFI and SFII), offered as alternatives to the long forms for screening purposes or in applications requiring a less-demanding instrument. Norming data (SFI: n = 601; SFII: n = 2,534) from diverse populations in Mexico are described. Developmental trends, gender differences, and socioeconomic status effects are reported that parallel those for the long forms. An additional small-scale study (n = 62) demonstrates strong convergence between responses on the long and the short forms. These results provide evidence that the S-CDI SFs have promise for a range of clinical and research applications.

scholarly journals Gender Reversals in Social Networks Based on Prevailing Kinship Norms in the Mosuo of China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siobhán Mattison ◽  
Ruizhe Liu ◽  
Adam Reynolds ◽  
Katherine Wander ◽  
Gabrielle D. Baca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Behavioral Ecology ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Cooperative Networks ◽  
Edge Density ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Gender Reversal ◽  
Kinship Ecologies

Although cooperative social networks are considered key to human evolution, emphasis has most often been placed on the functions of male cooperative networks. As a result, gender differences in social networks are under-studied and remain incompletely theorized. Variation in kinship systems may be leveraged to test and generate hypotheses that explain the causes and effects of variation in gendered social networks. Specifically, by linking socio-ecological drivers to variation in kinship systems, human behavioral ecology provides a framework to anticipate and explain divergent patterns in gendered social networks within different kinship ecologies. In this paper, we test the ‘universal gender differences’ hypothesis positing gender-specific network structures against the ‘gender reversal’ hypothesis that women’s social networks in matriliny will more closely resemble those of men’s in patriliny. We compare these hypotheses using tools from social network analyses and data on men’s and women’s social networks in matrilineal and patrilineal Mosuo communities. In support of the gender reversal hypothesis, we find that women’s networks in matriliny are more similar to men’s in patriliny. Specifically, women in matriliny have higher edge density than do men, and women have higher measures of degree centralization than do men in matriliny whereas patrilineal men have higher measures of centrality than do women. Additionally, we find that geographic proximity and relatedness together predict women’s friendships in patriliny whereas relatedness predominates in matriliny. Finally, we find that friendship predicts ties in other domains of cooperation and social support. These results support the idea that the socio-ecological factors that result in different kinship systems also impact the ways that men and women operate within these systems, underscoring the importance of human flexibility in family making, and challenging the predominant narrative of universal gender differences.

Examining gender differences in the relationship between religious affiliation and ethnic partner preferences

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jazmin E. Kelly ◽  
Alyssa Lee ◽  
Lisa M. Brown ◽  
Crystal Tse ◽  
Stephen Reysen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Partner Preferences ◽  
The Relationship

Work-themed play among young children in foraging and farming communities in Central Africa

Behaviour ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 153 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 663-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hillary N. Fouts ◽  
Carin L. Neitzel ◽  
Lauren R. Bader
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Learning ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Subsistence Economy ◽  
Farming Communities ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Adult Roles

In small-scale societies children have great access to observing adult roles and this is often reflected in their play, however very few empirical studies of work-themed play have been conducted despite substantial implications that this type of play has for social learning. The current study describes the work-themed play patterns of 1 1/2- to 4-year-old Aka and Bofi foragers and Bofi farmers in Central Africa and examines the extent to which subsistence economy, age, and gender predicted how often children were observed engaging in work-themed play and characteristics of work-themed play. Overall, farmer children engaged in more work-themed play than forager children. Very few gender differences were observed in work-themed play. Age and subsistence economy predicted tendencies for children to be near adults while engaged in work-themed play and to use objects in their work-themed play.

scholarly journals “Family Troubles” and “Troubling Families”: Opening Up Fertile Ground

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (16) ◽  
pp. 2207-2224
Author(s):  
Jane Ribbens McCarthy ◽  
Val Gillies ◽  
Carol-Ann Hooper
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Family Studies ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Academic Experiences ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Fertile Ground ◽  
Opening Up ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Oriented Research

The twin themes of “family troubles” and “troubling families” are closely linked, but they are also each distinct in themselves, and nuanced in particular ways. Rooted particularly (but not solely) in our U.K.-based academic experiences, we offer an account of family studies as siloed between a binary of “the mainstream”, focused on what may be implicitly understood as “ordinary” family lives, and “the problematic”, focused on aspects of family lives that may be of interest to social policy experts, professionals, and practitioners and geared toward interventions of some sort. What has been missing has been sociological attention to the pervasiveness of change and challenges as core for all family lives over time, with such changes sometimes experienced as troubling by family members themselves, and/or seen to be troubling by others such as professionals who saw them as “dysfunctional”, or policy makers who saw them as “social problems”. Practice and policy-oriented research has thus focused on interventions to “make things better”, or to achieve “reforms”, for families that are considered to be “problematic”. Consequently, what may be described as the “normal troubles” of family lives have been largely neglected. In this article, we explore what is brought into view by focusing on “family troubles” and “troubling families”; we argue that these themes offer fertile ground for opening up new dialogue between these contrasting bodies of work, questioning and crossing boundaries, illuminating taken-for-granted assumptions, and encouraging fresh perspectives.

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