scholarly journals Social Security Enrollment as an Indicator of State Fragility and Legitimacy: A Field Experiment in Maghreb Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 266
Author(s):  
Walid Merouani ◽  
Claire El Moudden ◽  
Nacer Eddine Hammouda
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Discrete Choice Models ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
State Fragility ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Informal Labor ◽  
State Legitimacy

State legitimacy and effectiveness can be observed in the state’s approach to delivering welfare to citizens, thus mitigating social grievances and avoiding conflicts. Social security systems in the Maghreb countries are relatively similar in their architecture and aim to provide social insurance to all the workers in the labor market. However, they suffer from the same main problem: a low rate of enrollment of workers. Many workers (employees and self-employed) work informally without any social security coverage. The issue of whether informal jobs are chosen voluntarily by workers or as a strategy of last resort is controversial. Many authors recognize that the informal sector is heterogeneous and assume that it is made up of (1) workers who voluntarily choose it, and (2) others who are pushed into it because of entry barriers to the formal sector. The former assumption tells us much about state legitimacy/attractiveness, and the latter is used to inform state effectiveness in delivering welfare. Using the Sahwa survey and discrete choice models, this article confirms the heterogeneity of the informal labor market in three Maghreb countries: Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. Furthermore, this article highlights the profiles of workers who voluntarily choose informality, an aspect that is missing from previous studies. Finally, this article proposes policy recommendations in order to extend social security to informal workers and to include them in the formal labor market.

scholarly journals Social Security Enrollment as an Indicator of State Fragility and legitimacy: A Field Experiment in Maghreb Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walid Merouani ◽  
Claire El Moudden ◽  
Nacer Eddine Hammouda
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Discrete Choice Models ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
State Fragility ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Informal Labor ◽  
State Legitimacy

State legitimacy and effectiveness could be seen by the way to deliver welfare to citizens to mitigate social grievances, that could eventually lead to conflicts (Kivimäki, 2021). Social security systems in Maghreb countries are quite similar in their architecture and aims to provide social insurance to all the workers in the labor market. However, they suffer from the same main problem: the low rate of enrollment of workers. Many workers (employees and self-employed) work informally without any social security coverage. The issue of whether informal jobs are chosen voluntarily by workers or as a strategy of last resort is controversial. Many authors recognize that the informal sector is heterogeneous and it is made up of workers who voluntary choose it and others who are pushed inside because of entry barriers to the formal sector (Günther & Launov, 2012). Using the SAHWA survey and discrete choice models, this article confirms the heterogeneity of the informal labor market in three Maghreb countries: Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. Furthermore, this article highlights the profiles of workers who voluntarily choose informality, which is missing from previous studies. Finally, this article proposes policy recommendations in order to extend social security to informal workers and to include them in the formal labour market.

scholarly journals Immigration, Wages and Employment under Informal Labor Markets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Delgado-Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Informal Labor ◽  
Wage Effect ◽  
Wage Effects ◽  
Market Impacts ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Informal Labor Markets ◽  
High Degree

This paper studies the labor market impacts of a massive inflow of Venezuelans in Colombia. By comparing areas that received different shares of migrants, I find a negative effect on wages and on local employment for natives. The negative wage effect is driven by a large drop of wages in the informal sector, where migrants are mostly employed, while the negative employment effect is driven by a reduction of employment in the formal sector, where the minimum wage is binding. To explain these results, I develop a model in which firms hire formal and informal workers with different costs. If these workers have a high degree of substitutability, and wages for formal workers are rigid, firms reallocate formal to informal employment as a response to lower informal wages. In settings with informal labor markets migration can therefore lead to asymmetric employment and wage effects across the informal and formal sectors.

The Challenges of Social Security Coverage and Early Retirement in Jordan

2019 ◽  
pp. 313-340
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Alhawarin ◽  
Irene Selwaness
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Early Retirement ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Public Sector Employees ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Using Data ◽  
First Job

Jordan has undergone a profound social security reform since 2010, primarily aiming to ensure the financial sustainability of the system over time. Using data from the 2010 and 2016 Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey (JLMPS), this chapter examines the dynamics of Jordanian workers’ access to social security and trends in early retirement incidence before and after the reform. The chapter also explores the time it takes to acquire social security coverage on the labor market before and after the reform. Our findings show that the overall incidence of social insurance coverage slightly increased in 2016, for private sector wage workers, irregular wage workers, and non-wage workers (employers and self-employed). Public sector employees were the most likely to acquire social insurance coverage at the start of their jobs, followed by the private sector wage workers inside establishments. Both men and women who started their first job after the 2010 reform experienced a decline in their probability of acquiring social insurance coverage upon their job start. Moreover, the average incidence of early retirement slightly declined among men while still being highly prevalent around ages 40–46.

scholarly journals Changing Principles in European Social Security

2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Clasen ◽  
Wim Van Oorschot
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Social Security Benefits

The provision of social security benefits rests on normative principles of social justice. Most strongly manifest in earnings-related social insurance, the principle of reciprocity has been increasingly questioned on grounds of equity, adequacy and fiscal viability, in the wake of socio-economic changes (e.g. post-industralisation, globalisation) and political developments (e.g. Europeanisation). Universalist programmes seem extraordinarily expensive under tight public budgets, and could be criticised as inequitable at a time when middle classes increasingly rely on individual and occupational forms of income security. The principle of need appears to have become more prominent within modern European social security systems keen on targeting resources. Is there empirical evidence which would reflect these alleged trends? Concentrating on three principles inherent in social security transfers (need, universalism and reciprocity) the major concerns of this article are conceptual and empirical. First, it addresses the problem of operationalising social security principles and delineating indicators of change over time. Second, it applies two of these indicators in order to identify and compare the extent to which the three principles have gained or lost prominence since the early 1980s, with empirical evidence taken from the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Germany and Scandinavia. The article argues first that, applying either indicator, there is no cross-national trend towards squeezing reciprocity-based social insurance, but that a convergence between erstwhile strong (Bismarckian) and weak (Beveridgean) principled programmes can be identified. Second, a clear trend towards needs-based social security can be identified within the ‘legal’ but not within the ‘volume’ perspective, at least in some programmes and some claimant groups. This is due to both policy changes and favourable labour market conditions. Third, two countries indicate very diverse trends. British social security is distinctive in terms of the erosion of Beveridgean reciprocity, as well as the growing strength of the needs principle. In the Netherlands, there have been considerable shifts in principles underlying certain programmes, but no general trend in either direction can be observed. On the whole, Dutch social security continues to exhibit a strong mix of principles.

scholarly journals Να ξανασκεφτούμε τις αξίες της κοινωνικής ασφάλισης

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Άγγελος Στεργίου
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Social Perspective ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Do So

<p>Lately, the economy seems cut off from society. Instead of satisfying needs, it is devoted to an endless race for profit increase. Every attempt to recalibrate social insurance is  subordinated to this ≪unified thought≫. In the absence of a social perspective, reform attempts view social insurance predominantly as a burden for the economy. The present article puts forward a social-centered approach for the reform of social security systems. In order to do so, it is important to focus once again on the values that brought about and strengthened social insurance.</p>

scholarly journals The Impacts of Benefits Perception and Risks Awareness on Participating In Voluntary Social Insurance - A Study on Informal Workers in Hanoi Area

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (09) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thi Huong Mai ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
The State ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Financial Condition ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Additional Form ◽  
Payment Rate

Voluntary social insurance is the type of social insurance that an employee voluntarily participates in, it is allowed the employee to choose the payment rate and method of payment in accordance with his/her income, based on the general regulations of the State. Accordingly, this is an additional form of compulsory social insurance in the context of not implementing compulsory social insurance for all employees. This is an opportunity for employees to have an additional means of ensuring their financial condition against risks and incidents in life. However, the actual results indicate that the number of voluntary social insurance participants has increased rapidly but is not commensurate with its potential. This study aims to examine the effects of perceptions of benefits and perceptions of risk on attitudes towards voluntary social insurance based on a survey conducted on 245 workers in the informal sectors in Hanoi. The research results show that, as expected and consistent with previous studies, the attitude towards participating in social insurance is actually influenced by the participants' perception of benefits and risks. Accordingly, it is necessary to focus on increasing these perceptions for employees as the solutions to change attitudes with voluntary social insurance. This will promote the intention and behavior of employees to participate in social insurance in the informal sector, thereby contribute to ensure social security.

scholarly journals SISTEM PERLINDUNGAN SOSIAL JEPANG: MENUJU NEGARA WELFARE PLURALISM

Sosio Informa ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mu'man Nuryana
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Social Security System ◽  
Security System ◽  
Pension Insurance ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
Welfare Pluralism

(Social ProtectionSystem in Jepang for Welfare Pluralism Country) - This article attempts to describe social security system in Japan, with special emphasize on its objectives, purposes and functions. However, Japanese social security systems will be looked at the present situation in order to know how they have been established. Indeed, social security system in Japan is a general expression that includes the systems in the following fields: social insurance systems including medical and pension insurance programs, public assistance systems to ensure the minimum level of sound and cultural living, social welfare systems for children, mothers and children, people of disabilities and for the elderly, medical care systems, and the systems for public and environmental health. And there are objectives and functions for each social security system in. A recognition into the objectives and functions of social security systems in Japan will help us in analyzing the present situation of, evaluating, or examining the desirable future of social security in Indonesia.

The Politics of India’s Reformed Labor Model

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-123
Author(s):  
Rina Agarwala
Keyword(s):  
Karl Polanyi ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Informal Labor ◽  
State Legitimacy ◽  
Jobless Growth ◽  
Labor Exploitation ◽  
Indian State ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter offers a new theoretical framework to understand Indian labor in the contemporary context of strengthening ties between the Indian state and business. Labor in the twenty-first century must be redefined to include formal and informal workers; it must be re-envisioned to include manufacturing, as well as the growth sectors of construction and services; and the relationship of labor exploitation must account for the market, as well as state politics and ideology. Drawing from the arguments of Antonio Gramsci and Karl Polanyi, historical sources, and interview data, this chapter exposes how, since the 1980s, the Indian state has used informal labor to organize consent for a powerful political project that undermines labor’s twentieth-century gains, empowers large business, and retains state legitimacy with a mass electorate. In addition to examining these hegemonic forces from above, this chapter details the potential and limits of labor’s budding countermovements emerging from below and nuances the common cries of “jobless growth” in India.

Devolved Social Security Systems: Principal-agent versus multi-level governance

1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Mabbett ◽  
Helen Bolderson
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Principal Agent ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
Financial Responsibility ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Multi Level

This paper presents an analytical framework for comparing patterns of devolution to subnational governments and autonomous social insurance institutions in social security systems. The framework has two components. One is an analysis of financial structures along the dimensions of financial autonomy (indicated by the extent to which the administering institution raises its own revenue or depends on central grants) and financial responsibility (indicated by whether marginal costs are borne by the administering institution). The other component of the framework concerns the assignment of policy-making power; in particular, we contrast the effects of competitive and cooperative modes of devolution. The discussion uses examples from Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the USA. While we looked for ‘principal-agent’ relationships between central governments and administering institutions, we found that more complex multi-level governance structures prevailed in most cases.

scholarly journals Να ξανασκεφτούμε τις αξίες της κοινωνικής ασφάλισης

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Άγγελος Στεργίου
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Social Perspective ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Do So

<p>Lately, the economy seems cut off from society. Instead of satisfying needs, it is devoted to an endless race for profit increase. Every attempt to recalibrate social insurance is subordinated to this «unified thought». In the absence of a social perspective, reform attempts view social insurance predominantly as a burden for the economy. The present article puts forward a social-centered approach for the reform of social security systems. In order to do so, it is important to focus once<br />again on the values that brought about and strengthened social insurance.</p>

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