Influence of game format and team strategy on physical and perceptual intensity in soccer small-sided games

The aim of the study was to compare internal and external load responses of different small-sided games, using balanced (5v5 Possession and small-sided games formats) and unbalanced (6v4) teams. Ten elite youth male soccer players were monitored at the start of the in-season period using global positioning system, heart rate and subjective ratings of intensity. Results showed higher physiological stress (>90% HRmax) in Possession and small-sided games formats when compared to the unbalanced teams (ES = 1.3–2.3). Total and high-intensity distance in small-sided games (28 ± 25 m) and Possession (67 ± 35 m) were greater compared to teams of 6 and 4 in the unbalanced scenario. Small-sided games format and team with six players had higher proportion of distance running at sub-maximal velocities (0–5.8 m/s2). Small-sided games format and team with four players saw greater mean acceleration effort (mean acceleration intensity in small-sided games 1.91 ± 0.27 vs. Possession 1.80 ± 0.20 m/s2, ES = 0.4 and Team 4 1.56 ± 0.24 vs. Team 6 1.44 ± .0.19 m/s2, ES = 1.3). Small-sided games format and team with 6 players had lower starting velocities prior to acceleration efforts (small-sided games 0.90 ± 0.08 and Team 6 1.11 ± 0.11 m/s2, ES = 1.5 and ES = 1.8), while velocity at the end of each acceleration effort was greater in the Possession format and Team 4 compared to small-sided games and Team 6 (Possession 3.54 ± 0.23 m/s2 and Team 4 3.13 ± 0.22 m/s2) compared to the small-sided games format (ES = 0.1) and the team with six players (ES = 2.3). These data demonstrate that using unbalanced teams can provide an additional form of training prescription to facilitate player specific training within a squad environment by providing different internal and external training responses within a combined drill.

Evolutionary Origins of the Oligodendrocyte Cell Type and Adaptive Myelination

Oligodendrocytes are multifunctional central nervous system (CNS) glia that are essential for neural function in gnathostomes. The evolutionary origins and specializations of the oligodendrocyte cell type are among the many remaining mysteries in glial biology and neuroscience. The role of oligodendrocytes as CNS myelinating glia is well established, but recent studies demonstrate that oligodendrocytes also participate in several myelin-independent aspects of CNS development, function, and maintenance. Furthermore, many recent studies have collectively advanced our understanding of myelin plasticity, and it is now clear that experience-dependent adaptations to myelination are an additional form of neural plasticity. These observations beg the questions of when and for which functions the ancestral oligodendrocyte cell type emerged, when primitive oligodendrocytes evolved new functionalities, and the genetic changes responsible for these evolutionary innovations. Here, I review recent findings and propose working models addressing the origins and evolution of the oligodendrocyte cell type and adaptive myelination. The core gene regulatory network (GRN) specifying the oligodendrocyte cell type is also reviewed as a means to probe the existence of oligodendrocytes in basal vertebrates and chordate invertebrates.

The Impacts of Benefits Perception and Risks Awareness on Participating In Voluntary Social Insurance - A Study on Informal Workers in Hanoi Area

Voluntary social insurance is the type of social insurance that an employee voluntarily participates in, it is allowed the employee to choose the payment rate and method of payment in accordance with his/her income, based on the general regulations of the State. Accordingly, this is an additional form of compulsory social insurance in the context of not implementing compulsory social insurance for all employees. This is an opportunity for employees to have an additional means of ensuring their financial condition against risks and incidents in life. However, the actual results indicate that the number of voluntary social insurance participants has increased rapidly but is not commensurate with its potential. This study aims to examine the effects of perceptions of benefits and perceptions of risk on attitudes towards voluntary social insurance based on a survey conducted on 245 workers in the informal sectors in Hanoi. The research results show that, as expected and consistent with previous studies, the attitude towards participating in social insurance is actually influenced by the participants' perception of benefits and risks. Accordingly, it is necessary to focus on increasing these perceptions for employees as the solutions to change attitudes with voluntary social insurance. This will promote the intention and behavior of employees to participate in social insurance in the informal sector, thereby contribute to ensure social security.

Unused resources in global maritime distress safety system: digital selective call

Цифровой избирательный вызов (ЦИВ) в Глобальной морской системе связи при бедствии и безопасности не позволяет передавать какой-либо текст, содержание которого отличается от разрешённых возможностей в семи форматах ЦИВ. Использование биграмм и триграмм для интерпретации произвольного текста и неиспользованные резервы в символах управления в форматах ЦИВ могут изменить эту ситуацию. Эта идея может быть распространена, по меньшей мере, на языки, в которых используется буквенный принцип записи текста. Идея остаётся в силе для языков с иероглифической формой записи, если существует ещё и альтернативная буквенная форма представления текста, подобная Путунхуа в китайском языке. Использование преимуществ ЦИВ в возможности определения ошибки в каждом принятом символе, двойная передача символов (в DX и RX позициях) даёт возможность изменения принципов приёма информации по безопасности мореплавания. Более того, НАВ-ТЕКС и ИБН УБПЧ можно объединить в одну общую систему передачи информации по безопасности мореплавания. Существует возможность исправления ошибок при принятии символов в расширенном цифровом избирательном вызове, используя перестановку символов при многоканальной трансляции информации по безопасности мореплавания. Как результат, будет отсутствовать необходимость учёта 4% норматива ошибок на объём принятого текста, поскольку ошибки в принятом тексте отсутствуют. Предложены способы организации произвольных сообщений и сообщений по безопасности мореплавания на английском и русском языках со сжатием информации при помощи расширенного цифрового избирательного вызова. Digital Selective Call (DSC) in Global Maritime Distress Safety System does not allow to broadcast any information that differs from allowed abilities in seven DSC formats. Using bigrams and trigram for interpretation of custom text and unused reserve of control char-acters in DSC formats would change this situation. This idea can be extended at least to the languages with a letter form of writing text. It is in valid for languages with hiero-glyphic notation, if alternative letter additional form exists, like Putonghua in Chinese language. Using DSC advantages in possibility error detecting in every received symbols, two times transmission of symbols (in DX and RX positions) and error-check characters in DX and RX positions give the opportunity to change principles of Maritime Safety Infor-mation (MSI) to be received on board the vessels. Moreover, NAVTEX and MSI NBDP systems can be combined in one common system. There is a possibility to correct errors in received symbols in Advanced Digital Selective Call using permutation of characters in multi-channel MSI broadcasting. As result, there is no need to use four percent reference error rate at received MSI text volume, because broadcasted information has not errors. Ways to organize self-compressing custom messages and Maritime Safety Information messages in English and Russian by Advanced Digital Selective Call has been offered.

Features of determining objective and subjective signs of market manipulation: questions of theory and practice

The article is devoted to research of features of legal evaluation of the signs of the acts set forth in article 1853 criminal code. A criminal-legal analysis is carried out, and proposals are made to improve the design of this corpus delicti. Conclusions are drawn that the current version of the criminal law does not take into account the possibilities of transformation of illegal activities of subjects in the conditions of continuous development of the financial market. In this regard, as an additional form of information manipulation, in addition to the deliberate dissemination of false information, should be considered not only active but also passive actions of the person, as well as to exclude the direct dependence of the qualification of an act as a crime against damage, loss caused by an act or benefits received by the infringer.

Observing briefly trained, non-certified interpreters at work: Risk Analysis

The exceptional migratory flows in 2015-2016 have entailed several challenges for the Flemish public service interpreting sector, including a mismatch in supply and demand, a shortage of interpreters for lesser-used language varieties, and government budget constraints. In order to meet these challenges head-on, the Flemish Government Integration Agency, responsible for certifying public-service interpreters, has set up a research project designed to determine whether, and under what circumstances, briefly trained volunteer “language assistants” (LAs) could offer a valid additional form of language mediation. First, participants were trained and evaluated when interacting, mainly through role plays, with fellow trainees. Second, their interpreting performances during real-life service provision interactions were video-recorded and assessed. The LAs’ interpreting performances were assessed predominantly as unsatisfactory, with the main risks being linked to low interpreter competence, language proficiency, and deontological awareness. Those findings have been addressed in a follow-up project, by increasing the required CEFR level of Dutch and by changing the content of the training.

The Value of Information

Value of information is a methodology that aims to determine whether it is worth acquiring new information. The acquisition of new data may reduce the uncertainties of the input parameters that define the value of a project. Such a reduction can increase our expectations and consequently the value of the project. The acquisition of data is justifiable only if their cost is less than the project value increases due to an increase in the certainty of the parameters. This article reviews the concepts and methodology of the value of information when the uncertainty is due to a lack of information and discusses an example of this methodology. A decision tree is built for the ideal perfect and imperfect information cases in the example shown and both results are contrasted. It is shown that, in the example discussed, it is worth acquiring the data if their cost is less than the calculated threshold. This article also introduces an additional form of uncertainty that occurs because of ambiguity and will be discussed in a future article.

Innovative Draping Method to Mitigate Aerosolization During Coronavirus Pandemic

Otolaryngologists are at high risk of acquiring coronavirus because most of the procedures are aerosol generating and we have to deal with upper airways which contain high viral load. The objective of this study is to elaborate the draping technique which diminishes aerosol in the operating room. Use of a framework and a drape with customized hand insertion ports help to contain the aerosol generated during the operative procedure. The draping technique acts as an additional form of protection from aerosol along with an increase in self-confidence to the healthcare workers during this pandemic.

Autonomy, Governance and the Chinese University 3.0: A zhong–yong Model from Comparative, Cultural and Contemporary Perspectives

This article builds on the ambiguous concept of the autonomy of universities with three historical turns in two dominant types of universities in the world – the Anglo-Saxon and American models, represented by the British and American institutions, and the Continental models, including the recently emerging Chinese University 3.0. Based on empirical data from two comparative case studies with a documentary analysis approach, I investigate the structure of the zhong-yong model of self-mastery, demonstrating how it may differ from the Western models and offering cultural interpretations for these nuances. The article concludes that self-mastery in the Chinese context provides an additional form of autonomy which is rooted in the pragmatic Confucian concept of zhong-yong. It is also found that through the pragmatism of self-mastery, the zhong-yong model enables Chinese universities to directly serve the state and, at the same time, to legitimate the priority given to their development by state power, thus creating abundant space and resources for them to fully unfold their potentialities. With multilayered and multidirectional power relationships, this model of governance has enabled Chinese universities to radically transform themselves in a short period of time and will allow them to eventually become global leaders, although they may have to sacrifice autonomous freedom in some ways.

Distant Technologies in the Process of Training Future Journalists in Philosophy and Logic

в статье рассматриваются перспективы дистанционного образования, его плюсы и минусы, возможность удаленного обучения как основной и вспомогательной формы. Способы организации занятий рассматриваются в применении к обучению будущих журналистов философии и логике с помощью цифровой среды Moodle. the paper discusses perspectives of using distant learning technolo-gies, its positive and negative aspects and the possibility of virtual education as a basic and additional form of training. Also, the paper considers the organi-zation of classes for future journalists in process of training students in philos-ophy and logic with the aid of the virtual education platform LMS Moodle.