scholarly journals Legal Financial Obligations and Probation: Findings from the 1995 Survey of Adults on Probation

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 450
Author(s):  
Marshall L. White ◽  
William J. Sabol
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Supervision ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Correctional Systems ◽  
Alternatives To Incarceration ◽  
Financial Obligations ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Violent Offenses

During the late 20th century, imprisonment rates in the United States saw unprecedented growth, leading correctional systems across the country to face widespread overcrowding and underfunding. Subsequently, policy makers sought out alternatives to incarceration for certain categories of offenses. Community supervision, such as probation, emerged as a popular solution to both reduce prison and jail populations as well as to generate revenue to fund the rapidly expanding legal system. With the rise in community supervision came increases in the number of people on probation for lower-level and non-violent offenses. The expansion of legal financial obligations (LFO) placed additional burdens on these persons, who disproportionately sit in lower socio-economic status brackets. Using data from the 1995 Survey of Adults on Probation (SAP), the current study adds to the literature on probation and LFOs in an important way. The SAP data contain information on the amount, frequency, and type of LFO. Thus, this paper examines the distinct types of LFOs to determine the differential burden that each type of LFO has on people on probation. This paper finds that of all types of fees, those associated with victim restitution are most likely to lead to missed payments, while those that generate revenues do not contribute significantly to missed payments. This paper discusses the implications of this for procedural justice and fairness.

The Role of Sex and Age on Pre-drinking: An Exploratory International Comparison of 27 Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Ferris ◽  
Cheneal Puljević ◽  
Florian Labhart ◽  
Adam Winstock ◽  
Emmanuel Kuntsche
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Models ◽  
The United States ◽  
Drinking Behaviour ◽  
Single Model ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Worldwide Phenomenon ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Multivariate Multilevel Models

Abstract Aims This exploratory study aims to model the impact of sex and age on the percentage of pre-drinking in 27 countries, presenting a single model of pre-drinking behaviour for all countries and then comparing the role of sex and age on pre-drinking behaviour between countries. Methods Using data from the Global Drug Survey, the percentages of pre-drinkers were estimated for 27 countries from 64,485 respondents. Bivariate and multivariate multilevel models were used to investigate and compare the percentage of pre-drinking by sex (male and female) and age (16–35 years) between countries. Results The estimated percentage of pre-drinkers per country ranged from 17.8% (Greece) to 85.6% (Ireland). The influence of sex and age on pre-drinking showed large variation between the 27 countries. With the exception of Canada and Denmark, higher percentages of males engaged in pre-drinking compared to females, at all ages. While we noted a decline in pre-drinking probability among respondents in all countries after 21 years of age, after the age of 30 this probability remained constant in some countries, or even increased in Brazil, Canada, England, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. Conclusions Pre-drinking is a worldwide phenomenon, but varies substantially by sex and age between countries. These variations suggest that policy-makers would benefit from increased understanding of the particularities of pre-drinking in their own country to efficiently target harmful pre-drinking behaviours.

scholarly journals Does a Country/Region’s Economic Status Affect Its Universities’ Presence in International Rankings?

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban Fernández Tuesta ◽  
Carlos Garcia-Zorita ◽  
Rosario Romera Ayllon ◽  
Elías Sanz-Casado
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Graduate School ◽  
Research Output ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
School Of Education ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
Actual Figure ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract Purpose Study how economic parameters affect positions in the Academic Ranking of World Universities’ top 500 published by the Shanghai Jiao Tong University Graduate School of Education in countries/regions with listed higher education institutions. Design/methodology/approach The methodology used capitalises on the multi-variate characteristics of the data analysed. The multi-colinearity problem posed is solved by running principal components prior to regression analysis, using both classical (OLS) and robust (Huber and Tukey) methods. Findings Our results revealed that countries/regions with long ranking traditions are highly competitive. Findings also showed that some countries/regions such as Germany, United Kingdom, Canada, and Italy, had a larger number of universities in the top positions than predicted by the regression model. In contrast, for Japan, a country where social and economic performance is high, the number of ARWU universities projected by the model was much larger than the actual figure. In much the same vein, countries/regions that invest heavily in education, such as Japan and Denmark, had lower than expected results. Research limitations Using data from only one ranking is a limitation of this study, but the methodology used could be useful to other global rankings. Practical implications The results provide good insights for policy makers. They indicate the existence of a relationship between research output and the number of universities per million inhabitants. Countries/regions, which have historically prioritised higher education, exhibited highest values for indicators that compose the rankings methodology; furthermore, minimum increase in welfare indicators could exhibited significant rises in the presence of their universities on the rankings. Originality/value This study is well defined and the result answers important questions about characteristics of countries/regions and their higher education system.

Expenditures for Health Care among Older, Single Women in the United States: Impact on Economic Status and Implications for Public Policy

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta W. Walsh ◽  
Jane Kolodinsky
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Health Care Policy ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Policy Debate ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Income And Price Elasticities

Expenditure patterns, income and price elasticities of older, single women in three income classifications are compared with a similar sample of men, using data from the U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey. Elasticities are estimated based on a complete demand system using Frisch’s (1959) money flexibility parameter, incorporating the price of time (wage rate) for the samples. Results suggest that women’s inability to adjust spending to price increases contributed to a decline in their standard of living, particularly as it affects consumption of health care. Implications for public policy point to a targeted approach to the current national health care policy debate, in recognition of the particularly adverse effects of the status quo on older, single women.

In Brown's Wake

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Minow
Keyword(s):  
School Choice ◽  
Private School ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Law School ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Equal Education ◽  
School Voucher ◽  
American Schools ◽  
Equality In Education

What is the legacy of Brown vs. Board of Education? While it is well known for establishing racial equality as a central commitment of American schools, the case also inspired social movements for equality in education across all lines of difference, including language, gender, disability, immigration status, socio-economic status, religion, and sexual orientation. Yet more than a half century after Brown, American schools are more racially separated than before, and educators, parents and policy makers still debate whether the ruling requires all-inclusive classrooms in terms of race, gender, disability, and other differences. In Brown's Wake examines the reverberations of Brown in American schools, including efforts to promote equal opportunities for all kinds of students. School choice, once a strategy for avoiding Brown, has emerged as a tool to promote integration and opportunities, even as charter schools and private school voucher programs enable new forms of self-separation by language, gender, disability, and ethnicity. Martha Minow, Dean of Harvard Law School, argues that the criteria placed on such initiatives carry serious consequences for both the character of American education and civil society itself. Although the original promise of Brown remains more symbolic than effective, Minow demonstrates the power of its vision in the struggles for equal education regardless of students' social identity, not only in the United States but also in many countries around the world. Further, she urges renewed commitment to the project of social integration even while acknowledging the complex obstacles that must be overcome. An elegant and concise overview of Brown and its aftermath, In Brown's Wake explores the broad-ranging and often surprising impact of one of the century's most important Supreme Court decisions.

GOOD MONEY AFTER BAD? THE COMPARATIVE EFFICIENCY OF MINORITY DEPOSITORY INSTITUTIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (01) ◽  
pp. 2050002
Author(s):  
GREGORY B. FAIRCHILD ◽  
YOUNG KIM ◽  
MEGAN E. JUELFS ◽  
ARON BETRU
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Depository Institutions ◽  
Comparative Efficiency ◽  
The 2008 Financial Crisis ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Racial Ethnic

We examine the relative efficiency of a unique set of banks, Minority Depository Institutions (MDIs). MDIs are led by minorities and typically serve minority populations. Given Social Economic Status (SES) skews across racial/ethnic groups in the United States, operation within minority communities appear, prima facie, to be relatively expensive and thus inefficient. We examine the return on assets (ROA) and small business lending efficiency of MDIs when compared to what we categorize as “non-MDI” depositories, ceteris paribus. We also examine these institutions for a period that includes a recent environmental shock, the 2008 financial crisis and the post-recessionary period. Using data from the Reports of Condition and Income (call reports) for a substantial set of FDIC-insured banks in the United States, we apply a data envelopment analysis (DEA) to determine how a set of MDIs perform relative to comparable institutions. Recognizing that MDIs are not homogeneous, we also examine relative efficiency across types of MDIs by racial/ethnic grouping. The results indicate that MDIs are not less efficient systematically and that there are differences across MDI types.

A Policy Approach to Overcome Pre-Immigration Barriers to Participation in the Latinx Immigrant Community

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-475
Author(s):  
Javier M. Rodríguez ◽  
Rafael A. Jimeno ◽  
Carlos A. Echeverría-Estrada ◽  
Sandra P. García
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Logit Analysis ◽  
Immigrant Community ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

Policies to encourage socio-political participation of Latinx immigrants in the United States heavily rely on the primacy of assimilation processes resulting from immigrants’ exposure to the American political system alone. However, this approach overlooks the potential layers of complexity fostered by pre-immigration factors and how these interact with immigrants’ experiences in the U.S. We conduct a multinomial logit analysis using data from the 2006 Latino National Survey and emergent research on the impact of pre-immigration experiences to determine what factors can both activate participation and be influenced by institutions and policy makers in the U.S. Though we find that low levels of socio-political participation among Latinx immigrants strongly correlate with low levels of pre-immigration participation, for the outlier cases we analyze what factors contribute to increase participation once in the U.S. Results demonstrate the need for political parties and organizations to increase the long-term investment in young Latinx immigrants.

scholarly journals PREDICTING THE PROBABILITY OF A RECESSION WITH NONLINEAR AUTOREGRESSIVE LEADING-INDICATOR MODELS

2001 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 482-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather M. Anderson ◽  
Farshid Vahid
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Leading Indicators ◽  
Marginal Contribution ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Leading Indicator ◽  
Interest Rate Spread ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Interest Rate ◽  
Nonlinear Autoregressive

We develop nonlinear leading-indicator models for GDP growth, with the interest-rate spread and growth in M2 as leading indicators. Since policy makers typically are interested in whether a recession is imminent, we evaluate these models according to their ability to predict the probability of a recession. Using data for the United States, we find that conditional on the spread, the marginal contribution of M2 growth in predicting recessions is negligible.

Association of Skin Color and Generation on Arrests Among Mexican-Origin Latinos

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Héctor E. Alcalá ◽  
Mónica F. L. Montoya
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mexican Origin ◽  
International Mobility ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Using Data

Arrest and interaction with the criminal justice system can have negative impacts to health and socioeconomic status. In the United States, Latinos are disproportionately arrested and jailed, when compared to their non-Latino peers. However, Latinos are not a homogeneous group. For example, generation and skin color are two factors that impact the social standing of Latinos in the United States. As a result, the present study tested if the effects of skin color on odds of arrest depended on generation among Mexican-origin Latinos living in the Greater Los Angeles County Area using data from the Immigration and International Mobility in Metropolitan Los Angeles (IIMMLA) survey ( N = 1,226). Unadjusted analyses showed that arrest rates increased with generation. Multivariate results revealed that darker skin color was associated with higher odds of arrest, but only for the second generation. These findings suggest that the likelihood of being arrested for Mexican-origin Latinos is not uniform. Observed differences could set the stage for disparities in health and socio-economic status.

ESTIMATION OF TECHNICAL, SPECIALIZED AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF CULTIVATED POTATO VARIETIES USING DATA ENVELOPE ANALYSIS METHOD (DEA) IN IRAQ FOR SPRING LUG 2018

2020 ◽  
pp. 119-131
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Envelope Analysis ◽  
Variable Capacity ◽  
Data Envelope Analysis ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Stability

Research highlights the importance of potato crop, which occupies a prominent food and economic status in food security besides rice, wheat and corn at the local and global level. Despite the expansion of the cultivation of potato crop in Iraq in general and Ameriyah district in particular However, potato productivity remains substandard, this may be due to a lack of knowledge of the most efficient varieties and not to use productive resources at the levels at which technical, specialized and economic efficiency is achieved. Therefore, the aim of the research is to determine the technical, specialized and economic efficiency according to the cultivated seed category. The data envelope analysis (DEA) method was used to estimate technical, specialized and economic efficiency, assuming constant and variable capacity returns. As a result of the study, the Safrana variety achieved the highest average technical efficiency according to the stability of the yield and capacity efficiency in addition to achieving the highest average specialized and economic efficiency, The Lapadia variety achieved the highest average technical efficiency, assuming that capacity returns have changed. Therefore, we recommend the adoption of items that achieve higher efficiency and the need to redistribute the elements of production better and Achieving the optimum levels at which technical, specialized and economic efficiency is achieved and saving what has been wasted.

Migration and the Internet

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas John Cooke ◽  
Ian Shuttleworth
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Using Data ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Dynamics Models

It is widely presumed that information and communication technologies, or ICTs, enable migration in several ways; primarily by reducing the costs of migration. However, a reconsideration of the relationship between ICTs and migration suggests that ICTs may just as well hinder migration; primarily by reducing the costs of not moving.  Using data from the US Panel Study of Income Dynamics, models that control for sources of observed and unobserved heterogeneity indicate a strong negative effect of ICT use on inter-state migration within the United States. These results help to explain the long-term decline in internal migration within the United States.

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