scholarly journals Bodybuilding and Fitness Doping in Transition. Historical Transformations and Contemporary Challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Jesper Andreasson ◽  
Thomas Johansson

This article describes and analyses the historical development of gym and fitness culture in general and doping use in this context in particular. Theoretically, the paper utilises the concept of subculture and explores how a subcultural response can be used analytically in relation to processes of cultural normalisation as well as marginalisation. The focus is on historical and symbolic negotiations that have occurred over time, between perceived expressions of extreme body cultures and sociocultural transformations in society—with a perspective on fitness doping in public discourse. Several distinct phases in the history of fitness doping are identified. First, there is an introductory phase in the mid-1950s, in which there is an optimism connected to modernity and thoughts about scientifically-engineered bodies. Secondly, in the 1960s and 70s, a distinct bodybuilding subculture is developed, cultivating previously unseen muscular male bodies. Thirdly, there is a critical phase in the 1980s and 90s, where drugs gradually become morally objectionable. The fourth phase, the fitness revolution, can be seen as a transformational phase in gym culture. The massive bodybuilding body is replaced with the well-defined and moderately muscular fitness body, but at the same time there are strong commercialised values which contribute to the development of a new doping market. Finally, it is possible to speculate on the development of a fifth phase, in which fitness doping is increasingly being filtered into mainstream gym and fitness culture, influencing the fitness doping demography.

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Bouk

This article presents an intellectual and social history of the concept of the baby boom. Researchers first invented the notion of a population bulge in the mid-twentieth-century United States to explain birth rates that were higher than predicted by their theories of a mature population and economy. As the children born during this “baby boom” entered schools in the 1950s, they were drawn into a pre-existing conversation about an educational emergency that confirmed researchers’ suspicions that the bulge would spread crisis over time throughout all of the nation's age-graded institutions. New sociological and demographic explanations of the bulge subsequently merged with heightened talk of generational conflict during the 1960s and 1970s to define, with journalistic help in 1980, the “baby boom generation” and the “baby boomer.” Crisis talk has pursued the boomers into the present, mobilized most effectively by opponents of the welfare state.


2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-280
Author(s):  
CORINNE T. FIELD

Why should intellectual historians care about children? Until recently, the answer was that adults’ ideas about children matter, particularly for the history of education and the history of conceptions of the family, but children's ideas are of little significance. Beginning with Philippe Ariès in the 1960s, historians took to exploring how and why adults’ ideas about children changed over time. In these early histories of childhood, young people figured as consumers of culture and objects of socialization, but not as producers or even conduits of ideas.


2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Purdeková

Abstract:By tracing the Rwandan state’s “mundane sights”—everyday forms of presence and monitoring—the article sheds light on the historical development and striking continuities in “interactive surveillance” across a century of turbulent political change. It considers three emblematic surveillance technologies—the institution ofnyumbakumi, the identity card, andumugandaworks (and public activities more broadly)—which, despite their implication in genocide, were retained, reworked, and even bolstered after the conflict ended. The article investigates what drives the observed continuity and “layering” of social monitoring over time, highlighting the key role played by ambiguity and ambivalence in this process. The research expands the concept of political surveillance, moving away from the unidirectional notion of “forms of watching,” and questions any easy distinctions between visibility and invisibility in the exercise of power or its subversion.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 119-121
Author(s):  
Murodova Nigora

The study of the national language is largely dependent on the study of the history of the people who speak the language. The people are the creators of their own culture and language as well as the creators of their own history. We study the history and culture of the people by learning the language. It is directly related to the study of the linguistic features of the dialects that exist in the language. As is known, everything that occurs in social life is reflected first and foremost in the vocabulary of the language. But over time, some words become consumed and gradually forgotten. Such words are mainly related to the material way of life of the people, but are also a rich source of information about the ethnos' history. This article discusses such words that are preserved in Uzbek dialects of Navoi region.


The purpose of this chapter is to explain the origins of strategic management. It highlights the different perspectives of strategy that have emerged from economics research. It gives a brief history of economics within strategic management. It addresses particularly the meaning of “strategy” and “strategic management.” It describes a general overview of the evolving nature of the strategy discipline. Strategic management is a concept that has evolved over time and will continue to evolve. As a field of study, strategy or strategic management is relatively recent. Its theoretical foundations come mainly from economics (economic theory, international economics) and industrial organization studies. Developments in industrial organization theory stress the importance of strategic behavior by firms.


2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Michelson

The origins and history of Visual literacy (VL) are summarized in this article, from the 1960s writings of John L. Debes, Marshall McLuhan and others of the Rochester School, to the influence of the Internet in the 2000s. ERIC and Google Scholar searches are used to analyse the evolution of its literature over time.


Author(s):  
Jason Kawall

This chapter presents a history of environmental ethics as a distinct academic field, from its early origins in the 1960s to recent, contemporary work. It focuses on the key movements and theories that have shaped—and continue to shape—the development of the field, while noting how these have changed and evolved over time. In addition, while tracing the history of these movements, the chapter attempts to present some of the central issues and topics that have garnered particular attention within the field. Finally, it closes with some tentative thoughts on promising paths for environmental ethicists to explore as our field continues to develop and mature.


Leonardo ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-252
Author(s):  
Colleen Boyle

The author offers a short history of how our perceptual relationship with the Moon has changed over time. Examples of lunar imaging by Early Renaissance painter Jan Van Eyck, Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, 19th-century photographer James Nasmyth and NASA's Ranger and Lunar Orbiter missions of the 1960s reveal ways in which our perception of the Moon has changed. Images of the Moon produced by technology remain far from “complete”—they are akin to fragments, sketches or models, providing information upon which the imagination can build. How we imagine the Moon, the author argues, is symbiotically linked with our representations of it; we only perceive the truly complete, whole Moon in the non-localized zone of our imaginations.


Author(s):  
Н.И. БЕПИЕВА

Статья посвящена переводческой и литературной деятельности лиц, внесших вклад в развитие осетинской письменности и грузино-осетинских культурных связей. Некоторые памятники древней грузинской литературы, кроме грузин, переписывались также осетинскими книжниками. Словарь Сулхан-Саба Орбелиани, являющийся результатом глубокого анализа и энциклопедических наблюдений-разъяснений, с самого начала превратился в предмет общественного интереса: Вахтанг VI определил его как «Ситквис кона» («Букет слов»). Те, кто занимался описанием и составлением списков книг, делали на них приписки, содержавшие информацию о переписчиках. С течением времени, а также по другим причинам, множество имен затерялось, но некоторые сохранились в истории именно благодаря этим припискам и надписям. В статье на основе лингвистического анализа, устанавливается, что первым переписчиком Словаря Сулхан-Саба Орбелиани был осетин по происхождению Гуриев. Автор статьи отмечает, что осетинские переписчики грузинских книг, в частности Иоанн Ялгузидзе, занимались еще и переводами с грузинского на осетинский язык, чем вносили свой посильный вклад в развитие осетинского языка и культуры. Рассмотренная в статье деятельность осетинских переписчиков грузинских книг вносит существенный вклад в проблему младописьменных народов, которая значительно актуализирована современными научными исследованиями и широким общественным дискурсом. Поскольку к младописьменным принято относить народы, получившие письменность после установления советской власти, выявленный материал является серьезным аргументом для подтверждения неприемлемости этого «политического» определения для осетинского языка. В совокупности с другими выявленными памятниками письменности, труды осетинских переписчиков являются основанием для пересмотра устоявшихся, но не соответствующих современным представлениям постулатов. Проведенное исследование позволяет рассматривать деятельность осетинских переписчиков книг как фактор укрепления культурных связей между соседствующими народами. The article is devoted to the translation and literary activity of those who contributed to the development of Ossetian writing and Georgian-Ossetian cultural ties. Some works of ancient Georgian literature, alongside with Georgian scribes, were also copied by Ossetian scribes. The dictionary Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, which is the result of deep analysis and encyclopaedic observationexplanations, from the very beginning turned into a subject of public interest: Vakhtang VI defined it as «Sitkvis kona» («Bouquet of words»). Those who were engaged in the description and compilation of lists of books, made on their margins notes containing information about the census-takers. Over time, as well as for other reasons, many names were lost, but some have been preserved in history precisely thanks to these postscripts and inscriptions. In the article on the basis of linguistic analysis, it is established that the first scribe of the Dictionary Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani was an Ossetian by birth Guriev. The author of the article notes that Ossetian copyists of Georgian books, in particular John Yalguzidze, were also engaged in translations from Georgian into Ossetian, that they made their own contribution to the development of the Ossetian language and culture. The activity of Ossetian census takers of Georgian books, considered in the article, makes a significant contribution to the problem of the peoples with recent record of literacy, which is significantly updated by modern scientific research and wide public discourse. Since it is customary to refer in this way to such peoples after the establishment of Soviet power, the material revealed a serious argument for confirming the unacceptability of this «political» definition for the Ossetian language. Together with other identified literary monuments, the works of Ossetian scribes are the basis for revising established, but not corresponding to modern concepts, postulates. The carried out research allows to consider activity of Ossetian copyists of books as the factor of strengthening of cultural communications between neighboring people.


1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-178

This book is one of a series by the distinguished painter John Goodall that traces the history of a particular locale over time. Here the story of a great English country house unfolds as readers follow its historical development from Tudor times to the present.


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