scholarly journals “Mundane Sights” of Power: The History of Social Monitoring and Its Subversion in Rwanda

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Purdeková
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Political Change ◽  
Social Monitoring ◽  
Identity Card ◽  
History Of ◽  
Over Time

Abstract:By tracing the Rwandan state’s “mundane sights”—everyday forms of presence and monitoring—the article sheds light on the historical development and striking continuities in “interactive surveillance” across a century of turbulent political change. It considers three emblematic surveillance technologies—the institution ofnyumbakumi, the identity card, andumugandaworks (and public activities more broadly)—which, despite their implication in genocide, were retained, reworked, and even bolstered after the conflict ended. The article investigates what drives the observed continuity and “layering” of social monitoring over time, highlighting the key role played by ambiguity and ambivalence in this process. The research expands the concept of political surveillance, moving away from the unidirectional notion of “forms of watching,” and questions any easy distinctions between visibility and invisibility in the exercise of power or its subversion.

Through the Drinking Glass

2019 ◽  
pp. 178-195
Author(s):  
Angela McShane
Keyword(s):  
Political Change ◽  
First Century ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Object A ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cultural Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Over Time

This chapter argues that drinking things are of central importance to our understanding of the long relationship between humans and alcohol. It explores the history of the English man (and woman’s) pint of beer, as an object, a drink, and a measure, from the late-sixteenth to the twenty-first century, to show how the relationships between objects, drinks, and measures have been socially and culturally constructed over time. Drawing upon a wide range of objects, images, and textual sources, and benefiting from the theoretical lenses of material performativity and praxeology, it argues that material insights not only help us to understand the deeper cultural processes at play in the routines and rituals of convivial drinking, but also help us to understand their wider role in social and political change.

The historical development of the language - the basis of human history

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 119-121
Author(s):  
Murodova Nigora
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
National Language ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Culture And Language

The study of the national language is largely dependent on the study of the history of the people who speak the language. The people are the creators of their own culture and language as well as the creators of their own history. We study the history and culture of the people by learning the language. It is directly related to the study of the linguistic features of the dialects that exist in the language. As is known, everything that occurs in social life is reflected first and foremost in the vocabulary of the language. But over time, some words become consumed and gradually forgotten. Such words are mainly related to the material way of life of the people, but are also a rich source of information about the ethnos' history. This article discusses such words that are preserved in Uzbek dialects of Navoi region.

The Historical Development of the Strategic Management Discipline

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Organization ◽  
Strategic Management ◽  
Organization Theory ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Strategic Behavior ◽  
Organization Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Industrial Organization Theory ◽  
Theoretical Foundations ◽  
Over Time

The purpose of this chapter is to explain the origins of strategic management. It highlights the different perspectives of strategy that have emerged from economics research. It gives a brief history of economics within strategic management. It addresses particularly the meaning of “strategy” and “strategic management.” It describes a general overview of the evolving nature of the strategy discipline. Strategic management is a concept that has evolved over time and will continue to evolve. As a field of study, strategy or strategic management is relatively recent. Its theoretical foundations come mainly from economics (economic theory, international economics) and industrial organization studies. Developments in industrial organization theory stress the importance of strategic behavior by firms.

Reviewing and Viewing: New Books, Etcetera

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-178
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Country House ◽  
History Of ◽  
Over Time

This book is one of a series by the distinguished painter John Goodall that traces the history of a particular locale over time. Here the story of a great English country house unfolds as readers follow its historical development from Tudor times to the present.

Mathematics in Search of History

2000 ◽  
Vol 93 (8) ◽  
pp. 647-650
Author(s):  
Donald T. Barry
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
History Of Mathematics ◽  
Fluid Field ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lively Debate ◽  
Over Time

The history of mathematics is used in a variety of ways to liven up a classroom and give meaning to a lesson. We retell anecdotes, require that students research the lives of mathematicians, encourage students to study the attempts to solve problems of historical interest, and suggest that students discover links between the historical development of science and the development of mathematics. I worry, however, that we are primarily treating the history of mathematics as a fixed entity that consists solely of a set of facts, not as a fluid field within which lively debate occurs and emphases shift over time.

scholarly journals Bodybuilding and Fitness Doping in Transition. Historical Transformations and Contemporary Challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Jesper Andreasson ◽  
Thomas Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Muscular Fitness ◽  
Critical Phase ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Introductory Phase ◽  
Over Time

This article describes and analyses the historical development of gym and fitness culture in general and doping use in this context in particular. Theoretically, the paper utilises the concept of subculture and explores how a subcultural response can be used analytically in relation to processes of cultural normalisation as well as marginalisation. The focus is on historical and symbolic negotiations that have occurred over time, between perceived expressions of extreme body cultures and sociocultural transformations in society—with a perspective on fitness doping in public discourse. Several distinct phases in the history of fitness doping are identified. First, there is an introductory phase in the mid-1950s, in which there is an optimism connected to modernity and thoughts about scientifically-engineered bodies. Secondly, in the 1960s and 70s, a distinct bodybuilding subculture is developed, cultivating previously unseen muscular male bodies. Thirdly, there is a critical phase in the 1980s and 90s, where drugs gradually become morally objectionable. The fourth phase, the fitness revolution, can be seen as a transformational phase in gym culture. The massive bodybuilding body is replaced with the well-defined and moderately muscular fitness body, but at the same time there are strong commercialised values which contribute to the development of a new doping market. Finally, it is possible to speculate on the development of a fifth phase, in which fitness doping is increasingly being filtered into mainstream gym and fitness culture, influencing the fitness doping demography.

You Say You Want a Reformation? Parsing the Ubiquitous Rhetoric of an “Islamic Reformation”

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-73
Author(s):  
Paul R. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Political Change ◽  
September 11 ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
History Of

The ideas of an “Islamic Reformation” and a “Muslim Luther” have been much discussed, especially since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. This “Reformation” rhetoric, however, displays little consistency, encompassing moderate, liberalizing trends as well as their putative opposite, Islamist “fundamentalism.” The rhetoric and the diverse phenomena to which it refers have provoked both enthusiastic endorsement and vigorous rejection. After briefly surveying the history of “Islamic Reformation” rhetoric, the present article argues for a four-part typology to account for most recent instances of such rhetoric. The analysis reveals that few who employ the terminology of an “Islamic Reformation” consider the specific details of its implicit analogy to the Protestant Reformation, but rather use this language to add emotional weight to various prescriptive agendas. However, some examples demonstrate the potential power of the analogy to illuminate important aspects of religious, social, and political change in the modern Islamic world.

The Path of Standard Albanian Language Formation

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-115
Author(s):  
Sindorela Doli Kryeziu
Keyword(s):  
Single Unit ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Language History ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors ◽  
Cultural Body ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Language Literature

Abstract In our paper we will talk about the whole process of standardization of the Albanian language, where it has gone through a long historical route, for almost a century.When talking about standard Albanian language history and according to Albanian language literature, it is often thought that the Albanian language was standardized in the Albanian Language Orthography Congress, held in Tirana in 1972, or after the publication of the Orthographic Rules (which was a project at that time) of 1967 and the decisions of the Linguistic Conference, a conference of great importance that took place in Pristina, in 1968. All of these have influenced chronologically during a very difficult historical journey, until the standardization of the Albanian language.Considering a slightly wider and more complex view than what is often presented in Albanian language literature, we will try to describe the path (history) of the standard Albanian formation under the influence of many historical, political, social and cultural factors that are known in the history of the Albanian people. These factors have contributed to the formation of a common state, which would have, over time, a common standard language.It is fair to think that "all activity in the development of writing and the Albanian language, in the field of standardization and linguistic planning, should be seen as a single unit of Albanian culture, of course with frequent manifestations of specific polycentric organization, either because of divisions within the cultural body itself, or because of the external imposition"(Rexhep Ismajli," In Language and for Language ", Dukagjini, Peja, 1998, pp. 15-18.)

CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL IDEA OF THE “SOCIAL STATE” IN THE HISTORY OF LEGAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Fedorov
Keyword(s):  
Political Thought ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
State Structure ◽  
Thomas More ◽  
Social State ◽  
Classical Liberal ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

The article is devoted to the problem of the social state as one of the fundamental constitutional principles of the state structure of modern developed countries. The course of historical development of philosophical and legal thought on this problem is considered. The idea of a close connection between the concept of the social state and the ideas of utopian socialism of Thomas More and Henri Saint-Simon is put forward. Liberals also made a significant contribution to the development of the idea of the social state, they argued that the ratio of equality and freedom is a key problem for the classical liberal doctrine. It is concluded that the emergence of the theory of the social state for objective reasons was inevitable, since it is due to the historical development of society.

ACTION ON MATTER: THE HISTORY OF THE UNIQUELY AFRICAN TAMPER AND CONCAVE ANVIL POT-FORMING TECHNIQUE

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy Sterner ◽  
Nicholas David
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
Culture History ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Diffusion

The publication, largely by ethnoarchaeologists, of new data on the tamper and concave anvil technique of pot-forming (TCA) permits a reassessment of this uniquely African technique, its toolkit, and its culture history. A survey, inspired by the technologie culturelle school, of its varied expressions in the southern Saharan, Sahelian and northern Sudan zones from Mali to Sudan and extending north into Egypt emphasises the potential of the technique for the efficient production of spherical water jars of high volume to weight ratio, much appreciated in arid environments. The technique is demanding and therefore practised for the most part by specialists. The origins and diffusion of the technique are assessed in the light of the ethnological, archaeological, linguistic, and historical evidence, and a four stage historical development is sketched.

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