The Effects of the COVID-19 Environments on Changes in Body Composition in Japanese Elite Fencing Athlete

The Japanese government declared a state of emergency from 7 April to 25 May to limit people’s movement due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. This pandemic negatively affects athletes’ body composition due to inactivity. Therefore, we compared the body composition data (i.e., fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM)), of 43 Japanese elite fencers (22 men, 21 women), in September 2019 for baseline, and of 21 (12 men, 9 women) who completed the following measurements in June 2020 (POST; immediately after rescinding the emergency state) and September 2020 (POST-4M; 4-months after rescinding the emergency state). Results at baseline indicate no significant differences in body compositions among fencing disciplines. We also confirmed no significant changes in body mass during the 1-year investigation period in either sex. There were no time-course changes in men’s FFM and FM; however, time-course changes in women’s FM were observed. Compared to the baseline, FM values were significantly higher at POST and then returned to baseline levels at POST-4M in women. In conclusion, the 2-month stay-at-home period due to COVID-19 negatively affected women’s FM changes, but not their FFM or men’s FM.

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Seasonal and Longitudinal Changes in Body Composition by Sport-Position in NCAA Division I Basketball Athletes

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports6030085 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 85 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jennifer Fields ◽

Justin Merrigan ◽

Jason White ◽

Margaret Jones

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Ncaa Division I ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Strength And Conditioning ◽

Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽

Within Subjects

The purpose of this study was to assess the body composition of male and female basketball athletes (n = 323) across season, year, and sport-position using air displacement plethysmography. An independent sample t-test assessed sport-position differences. An analysis of variance was used to assess within-subjects across season (pre-season, in-season, and off-season), and academic year (freshman, sophomore, and junior). For both men and women basketball (MBB, WBB) athletes, guards had the lowest body fat, fat mass, fat free mass, and body mass. No seasonal differences were observed in MBB, but following in-season play for WBB, a reduction of (p = 0.03) in fat free mass (FFM) was observed. Across years, MBB showed an increase in FFM from freshman to sophomore year, yet remained unchanged through junior year. For WBB across years, no differences occurred for body mass (BM), body fat (BF%), and fat mass (FM), yet FFM increased from sophomore to junior year (p = 0.009). Sport-position differences exist in MBB and WBB: Guards were found to be smaller and leaner than forwards. Due to the importance of body composition (BC) on athletic performance, along with seasonal and longitudinal shifts in BC, strength and conditioning practitioners should periodically assess athletes BC to ensure preservation of FFM. Training and nutrition programming can then be adjusted in response to changes in BC.

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Safety and Feasibility of Fasting-Mimicking Diet and Effects on Nutritional Status and Circulating Metabolic and Inflammatory Factors in Cancer Patients Undergoing Active Treatment

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers13164013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (16) ◽

pp. 4013

Author(s):

Francesca Valdemarin ◽

Irene Caffa ◽

Angelica Persia ◽

Anna Laura Cremonini ◽

Lorenzo Ferrando ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Growth Factors ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Negative Impact ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Nutritional Risk ◽

Inflammatory Factors

In preclinical studies, fasting was found to potentiate the effects of several anticancer treatments, and early clinical studies indicated that patients may benefit from regimes of modified fasting. However, concerns remain over possible negative impact on the patients’ nutritional status. We assessed the feasibility and safety of a 5-day “Fasting-Mimicking Diet” (FMD) as well as its effects on body composition and circulating growth factors, adipokines and cyto/chemokines in cancer patients. In this single-arm, phase I/II clinical trial, patients with solid or hematologic malignancy, low nutritional risk and undergoing active medical treatment received periodic FMD cycles. The body weight, handgrip strength and body composition were monitored throughout the study. Growth factors, adipokines and cyto/chemokines were assessed by ELISA. Ninety patients were enrolled, and FMD was administered every three weeks/once a month with an average of 6.3 FMD cycles/patient. FMD was largely safe with only mild side effects. The patients’ weight and handgrip remained stable, the phase angle and fat-free mass increased, while the fat mass decreased. FMD reduced the serum c-peptide, IGF1, IGFBP3 and leptin levels, while increasing IGFBP1, and these modifications persisted for weeks beyond the FMD period. Thus, periodic FMD cycles are feasible and can be safely combined with standard antineoplastic treatments in cancer patients at low nutritional risk. The FMD resulted in reduced fat mass, insulin production and circulating IGF1 and leptin. This trial was registered on Clinicaltrials.gov in July 2018 with the identifier NCT03595540.

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Body composition among long distance runners

Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1806-9282.66.2.180 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 180-186

Author(s):

Joana Rosado ◽

João P. Duarte ◽

Paulo Sousa-e-Silva ◽

Daniela C. Costa ◽

Diogo V. Martinho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Adult Male ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Body Density ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Long Distance ◽

Air Displacement Plethysmography

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to examine the body composition of adult male ultra-trail runners (UTR) according to their level of participation (regional UTR-R, vs. national UTR-N). METHODS The sample was composed of 44 adult male UTR (aged 36.5±7.2 years; UTR-R: n=25; UTR-N: n=19). Body composition was assessed by air displacement plethysmography, bioelectrical impedance, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. In addition, the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was applied. A comparison between the groups was performed using independent samples t-test. RESULTS Significant differences between groups contrasting in the competitive level were found for chronological age (in years; UTR-R: 38.8±8.2 vs. UTR-N: 33.5±4.1); body density (in L.kg-1; UTR-R: 1.062±0.015 vs. UTR-N: 1.074±0.009); and fat mass (in kg; UTR-R: 12.7±6.8 vs. UTR-N: 7.6±2.7). CONCLUSION UTR-N were younger, presented higher values for body density, and had less fat mass, although no significant differences were found for fat-free mass. The current study evidenced the profile of long-distance runners and the need for weight management programs to regulate body composition.

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Personalized Diet in Obesity: A Quasi-Experimental Study on Fat Mass and Fat-Free Mass Changes

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9091101 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1101

Author(s):

Manuel Reig García-Galbis ◽

Diego I. Gallardo ◽

Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa ◽

María José Soto-Méndez

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Body Composition ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Obese Adults ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

Clinically Significant ◽

Composition Changes

Considering that the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Southeast of Spain is high, the aim of this work was to analyze the relation between the adherence to a personalized diet and the effectiveness of changes in the body composition in overweight and obese adults in this region. This quasi-experimental study presents the following selection criteria: attendance at the consultation between 2006 and 2012, subjects ≥ 19 years of age with overweight or obesity. In total, 591 overweight or obese individuals were involved in this study, attending 4091 clinic consultations in total. Most of the sample consisted of subjects who attended >3 consultations (>1.5 months), and were females aged 19–64 years who obtained clinically significant changes in fat mass (FM, ≥5%) and recommended changes in fat-free mass (FFM, ≥0%). Based on the results obtained and the experience gained from this research, the following recommendations are established: (i) record fat mass and fat-free mass index as a complement to body mass index; (ii) use FM and FFM to evaluate effectiveness of interventions with the aim of obtaining body composition changes; (iii) use personalized diet to achieve significant changes in FM and avoid non-recommended changes in FFM.

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Effect of combined aerobic and resistance training in body composition of obese postmenopausal women

Motriz Revista de Educação Física ◽

10.1590/s1980-65742015000100008 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 61-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Fabrício E. Rossi ◽

Camila Buonani ◽

Juliana Viezel ◽

Eduardo P. da Silva ◽

Tiego A. Diniz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Training Group ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Training Protocol

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a 16-week program of combined aerobic and resistance training on the body composition of postmenopausal women who are obese. The participants were divided into two groups: training group (TG, n = 37) and non-trained control group (CG, n = 18). The trunk fat, fat mass, percentage of fat mass and fat-free mass were estimated using DXA. Three nonconsecutive 24-hour dietary recalls were conducted. The training protocol consisted of 50 minutes of resistance training followed by 30 minutes of aerobic training. After the 16-week training program, differences were observed in trunk fat (CG= 0.064 x TG= -0.571 Kg; p-value = .020), fat mass (CG= -0.088 x TG= -1.037 Kg; p-value = .020) and fat-free mass (CG= -0.388 x TG= 1.049 Kg; p = .001). Therefore, a 16-week program of systematic combined aerobic and resistance training in obese postmenopausal women was effective in improving fat-free mass and decreasing both whole and abdominal adiposity.

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A Comparison of an Alternative Weight-Grading Model Against Chronological Age Group Model for the Grouping of Schoolboy Male Rugby Players

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2021.670720 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Grégory Lentin ◽

Sean Cumming ◽

Julien Piscione ◽

Patrick Pezery ◽

Moez Bouchouicha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Group Model ◽

Body Fat Mass ◽

Grading Model ◽

Rugby Players ◽

Weight Model

ObjectivesConcerns regarding marked differences in the weights and body composition of young rugby players competing within the same age groups have led to the suggestion of alternative models for grouping young players. The aims of this study were (1) to compare variance in the body size and body composition of schoolboy rugby players (9 to 14 years), across weight- and age-grading models, and (2) to identify morphotypes for the weight model using Hattori’s body composition chart.Materials and MethodsSkinfold thickness measurements were used to assess body fat mass (BF), fat-free mass (FFM), body fat mass index (BFMI), and fat-free mass index (FFMI). Standardized measure of height and weight were taken for all participants. Data were grouped according to the age categories of the French Rugby Federation (U11: Under 11 years, U13: Under 13 years, and U15: Under 15 years), and to the weight categories (W30–44.9; W45–59.9; and W60–79.9) carried out from 25th and 75th weight percentile in each age category. Body mass index status (NW normal-weight versus OW/OB overweight/obese) was considered. Extreme morphotypes are characterized from BFMI and FFMI in the weight-grading model on Hattori’s body composition chart.ResultsThe dispersion of anthropometric characteristics decreased significantly for the weight model, except for height in all groups and BFMI for U13. Among NW, 3, 1.8, and 0% upgraded; 18.2, 68.7, and 45.5% downgraded; among OW, 50, 21.5, and 12.5%; and among OB, 91.3, 83.3, and 74.6% upgraded, respectively, in U11, U13, U15. FFMI/BFMI were correlated in U11 (r = 0.80, p < 0.001), U13 (r = 0.66, p < 0.001), and U15 (r = 0.77, p < 0.001). There was no significant correlation in W45–59.9 and low correlations in W30–44.9 (r = 0.25, p < 0.001) and W60–79.9 (r = 0.29, p < 0.001). Significant grading difference between the centroids (p < 0.05) and the distribution deviates from centroids of BFMI and FFMI (p < 0.0001) were noted between the two models. Thirteen players were located in adipo-slender, twenty-three in adipo-solid, twenty-two in lean-slender, and two located in the lean-solid morphotype in weight model.ConclusionA weight-grading model should be considered to limit mismatches in anthropometric variables. However, variations of body composition also persisted for this model. Hattori’s body composition chart allowed more detailed examination of morphological atypicalities among schoolboy rugby players.

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Body composition in adults with neurofibromatosis type 1

Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1806-9282.62.09.831 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 62 (9) ◽

pp. 831-836 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

MARCIO SOUZA ◽

ANN JANSEN ◽

ALINE MARTINS ◽

LUIZ RODRIGUES ◽

NILTON REZENDE

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Short Stature ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 ◽

Neurofibromatosis Type ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

World Health ◽

Upper Arm

SUMMARY Objective To evaluate the body composition and nutritional status of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) adult patients. Method A cross-sectional study of 60 NF1 patients (29 men, 31 women) aged ≥ 18 years who were evaluated from September 2012 to September 2013 in a Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center. Patients underwent nutritional assessment including measurements of weight, stature, waist circumference (WC), upper-arm circumference (UAC), and skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac). Body mass index (BMI), upper-arm total area (UATA), upper-arm muscle area (UAMA), upper-arm fat area (UAFA), body fat percentage (BFP), fat mass, fat-free mass, fat mass index, and fat-free mass index were also calculated. Results The mean age of the study population was 34.48±10.33 years. The prevalence of short stature was 28.3%. Low weight was present in 10% of the sample and 31.7% of patients had a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. Reduced UAMA (<5th percentile) was present in 43.3% and no difference was found in UAFA between the sexes. The BFP was considered high in 30% and 17 (28.3%) patients had a WC above the World Health Organization cutoffs. Conclusion In this study, NF1 patients had a high prevalence of underweight, short stature, and reduced UAMA, with no difference between the sexes. Reduced UAMA was more prevalent in underweight patients; however, this was also observed in the normal and overweight patients. Further studies should investigate the distribution of body tissues in NF1 patients, including differences between men and women, and the influence of diet and nutrition on clinical features in NF1.

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Fat and fat free mass index reference percentiles of healthy Turkish children and adolescent in Turkey

10.38092/jpa-2020-6 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 8-15

Author(s):

Selim KURTOĞLU ◽

Mustafa Mümtaz MAZICIOĞLU ◽

Ahmet ÖZTÜRK ◽

Nihal HATİPOĞLU ◽

Betül ÇİÇEK ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Fat Mass ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Turkish Children ◽

Children And Adolescent ◽

Female Predominance ◽

Local Reference ◽

Gender Specific ◽

Specific Contribution

Background: In addition to body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and their index may be used to predict metabolic health risks. The aim of this study is to define ageand gender-specific FM, fat mass index (FMI), FFM and fat-free mass index (FFMI) percentiles for heatly Turkish children and adolescents. Methods: A total of 4028 (2252 girls, 1776 boys) participant aged 6–17 years were recruited. The body composition was evaluated by bioelectrical impedans. FM, FMI, FFM and FFMI percentiles were produced. Results: FM, FFM, FMI and FFMI percentiles were calculated. FMI and FM were female predominance through 6 to 17 years. The differences in 3rd-97th percentiles of FFMI were 4.06–7.20 kg/m2 respectively for males, where this difference was 4.06-6.95 kg/m2 for females. We checked the age-specific contribution of FMI, FFMI to BMI and fat% with Hattori chart and found that children with similar BMI may lie in different fat%. Conclusions: Since FM and FFM are important for the evaluation of body composition, in addition to BMI and body fat%, FM and FFM percentiles are required as local reference. Therefore, this study provides normative data for body FM, FMI, FFM and FFI percentiles.

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AGE VARIATIONS AND SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN ADIPOSITY AND BODY COMPOSITION AMONG TRIBAL ADOLESCENTS OF KHARAGPUR, WEST BENGAL, INDIA

Anthropological Researches and Studies ◽

10.26758/11.1.5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (11) ◽

pp. 65-77

Author(s):

Gopal Chandra MANDAL ◽

Saheli BISWAS ◽

Pijush Kanti ROY ◽

Kaushik BOSE

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Sexual Dimorphism ◽

Body Mass ◽

Fat Mass ◽

West Bengal ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mean Values ◽

Age Variations

Objectives. Although tribals constitute around 8.6% of the total population of India, detailed information on their body composition is scanty. Thus, our objective was to evaluate age variations and sexual dimorphism in adiposity and body composition among rural tribal adolescents of Kharagpur, West Bengal, India. Material and methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 788 tribal adolescent boys and girls, aged 10-17 years of Kharagpur, West Midnapore, West Bengal, India. Height (kg), weight (cm) and skinfolds were measured following standard method. The Body Mass Index (BMI) was derived. Body composition measures including Percent Body Fat (PBF), Fat Mass (FM), Fat Free Mass (FFM), Fat Mass Index (FMI) and Fat Free mass Index (FFMI) were computed using standard equations. Results. All the variables showed a significant age trend in both sexes. Age-combined significant sex differences existed in mean BMI and all body composition measures. Girls had significantly higher mean values of fat measures (PBF, FM and FMI) whereas boys had significantly higher mean values of non-fat measures (FFM and FFMI). In both sexes, age had significant correlations with BMI and the five body composition measures. Similarly, all body composition indicators were significantly correlated with BMI in both sexes. Conclusions. There were significant age and sex variations in body composition measures. Girls had significantly more fat mass whereas boys had more lean body mass. All body composition measures increased significantly with increasing age as well as BMI. Attainment of puberty could be a mediating factor causing these age variations and sexual dimorphism. Keywords: India, tribal adolescents, age variations, sexual dimorphism, body composition.

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Evaluation of anthropometric equations developed to estimate neonates’ body composition: a systematic review

Ciência & Saúde Coletiva ◽

10.1590/1413-81232020257.26982018 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (7) ◽

pp. 2711-2720

Author(s):

Daniele Marano ◽

Elissa Costa de Oliveira ◽

Yasmin Notarbartolo de Villarosa do Amaral ◽

Leila Maria Lopes da Silva ◽

Maria Elisabeth Lopes Moreira

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Body Composition ◽

Fat Mass ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Present Review ◽

Air Displacement Plethysmography

Abstract This article aims to evaluate the anthropometric equations developed by selected studies in order to estimate the body composition of neonates. The systematic review consisted in the research of published articles in the following databases: PubMed, Brazilian Virtual Health Library, Embase and ScienceDirect by utilizing the following descriptors: “fat mass, fat free mass, anthropometry, air displacement plethysmography, validation, neonate”. For doing so, the PRISMA protocol has been utilized. The bibliographical research resulted in 181 articles. However, only eight were selected for the present review because repetition in different databases and having been performed in adults, during pregnancy, in athletes, in preterm and children. There was discrepancy in terms of study method, mainly over the variables of the anthropometric equations, age and ethnicity of the neonates. All studies used the plethysmography method as a reference apart from one study. Only four studies had their equations validated. The studies that developed anthropometric models for estimating the body composition of neonates are scarce, and the use of these equations needs to be conducted carefully in order to avoid errors in nutritional diagnosis.

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