Evaluation of anthropometric equations developed to estimate neonates’ body composition: a systematic review

Abstract This article aims to evaluate the anthropometric equations developed by selected studies in order to estimate the body composition of neonates. The systematic review consisted in the research of published articles in the following databases: PubMed, Brazilian Virtual Health Library, Embase and ScienceDirect by utilizing the following descriptors: “fat mass, fat free mass, anthropometry, air displacement plethysmography, validation, neonate”. For doing so, the PRISMA protocol has been utilized. The bibliographical research resulted in 181 articles. However, only eight were selected for the present review because repetition in different databases and having been performed in adults, during pregnancy, in athletes, in preterm and children. There was discrepancy in terms of study method, mainly over the variables of the anthropometric equations, age and ethnicity of the neonates. All studies used the plethysmography method as a reference apart from one study. Only four studies had their equations validated. The studies that developed anthropometric models for estimating the body composition of neonates are scarce, and the use of these equations needs to be conducted carefully in order to avoid errors in nutritional diagnosis.

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Seasonal and Longitudinal Changes in Body Composition by Sport-Position in NCAA Division I Basketball Athletes

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports6030085 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 85 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jennifer Fields ◽

Justin Merrigan ◽

Jason White ◽

Margaret Jones

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Ncaa Division I ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Strength And Conditioning ◽

Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽

Within Subjects

The purpose of this study was to assess the body composition of male and female basketball athletes (n = 323) across season, year, and sport-position using air displacement plethysmography. An independent sample t-test assessed sport-position differences. An analysis of variance was used to assess within-subjects across season (pre-season, in-season, and off-season), and academic year (freshman, sophomore, and junior). For both men and women basketball (MBB, WBB) athletes, guards had the lowest body fat, fat mass, fat free mass, and body mass. No seasonal differences were observed in MBB, but following in-season play for WBB, a reduction of (p = 0.03) in fat free mass (FFM) was observed. Across years, MBB showed an increase in FFM from freshman to sophomore year, yet remained unchanged through junior year. For WBB across years, no differences occurred for body mass (BM), body fat (BF%), and fat mass (FM), yet FFM increased from sophomore to junior year (p = 0.009). Sport-position differences exist in MBB and WBB: Guards were found to be smaller and leaner than forwards. Due to the importance of body composition (BC) on athletic performance, along with seasonal and longitudinal shifts in BC, strength and conditioning practitioners should periodically assess athletes BC to ensure preservation of FFM. Training and nutrition programming can then be adjusted in response to changes in BC.

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Body composition among long distance runners

Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1806-9282.66.2.180 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 180-186

Author(s):

Joana Rosado ◽

João P. Duarte ◽

Paulo Sousa-e-Silva ◽

Daniela C. Costa ◽

Diogo V. Martinho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Adult Male ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Body Density ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Long Distance ◽

Air Displacement Plethysmography

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to examine the body composition of adult male ultra-trail runners (UTR) according to their level of participation (regional UTR-R, vs. national UTR-N). METHODS The sample was composed of 44 adult male UTR (aged 36.5±7.2 years; UTR-R: n=25; UTR-N: n=19). Body composition was assessed by air displacement plethysmography, bioelectrical impedance, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. In addition, the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was applied. A comparison between the groups was performed using independent samples t-test. RESULTS Significant differences between groups contrasting in the competitive level were found for chronological age (in years; UTR-R: 38.8±8.2 vs. UTR-N: 33.5±4.1); body density (in L.kg-1; UTR-R: 1.062±0.015 vs. UTR-N: 1.074±0.009); and fat mass (in kg; UTR-R: 12.7±6.8 vs. UTR-N: 7.6±2.7). CONCLUSION UTR-N were younger, presented higher values for body density, and had less fat mass, although no significant differences were found for fat-free mass. The current study evidenced the profile of long-distance runners and the need for weight management programs to regulate body composition.

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Maternal obesity and offspring body composition by indirect methods: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/0102-311x00159914 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 31 (10) ◽

pp. 2073-2092 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Helen Castillo-Laura ◽

Iná S. Santos ◽

Lenice C. M. Quadros ◽

Alicia Matijasevich

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Maternal Obesity ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Case Control Studies ◽

Indirect Methods ◽

Body Fat Percent ◽

Maternal Overweight

Abstract This study reviewed the evidence that assessed the association between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and/or gestational weight gain and offspring body composition in childhood. A systematic review was conducted. Cohort studies, case-control studies and randomized controlled trials measuring offspring body composition by indirect methods were included. Meta-analyses of the effect of pre-pregnancy BMI on offspring fat-free mass, body fat percent, and fat mass were conducted through random-effects models. 20 studies were included, most of which reported a positive association of pre-pregnancy BMI with offspring body fat. Standardized mean differences in body fat percent, fat mass and fat-free mass between infants of women with normal pre-pregnancy BMI and those of overweight/obese women were 0.31 percent points (95%CI: 0.19; 0.42), 0.38kg (95%CI: 0.26; 0.50), and 0.18kg (95%CI: -0.07; 0.42), respectively. Evidence so far suggests that pre-pregnancy maternal overweight is associated with higher offspring adiposity.

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New charts for the assessment of body composition, according to air-displacement plethysmography, at birth and across the first 6 mo of life

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/nqy377 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 109 (5) ◽

pp. 1353-1360 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Tom Norris ◽

Sara E Ramel ◽

Patrick Catalano ◽

Carol ni Caoimh ◽

Paola Roggero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Body Composition ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Gestational Age ◽

The United States ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Term Infants ◽

Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽

Young Infants

ABSTRACT Background Air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) is a good candidate for monitoring body composition in newborns and young infants, but reference centile curves are lacking that allow for assessment at birth and across the first 6 mo of life. Objective Using pooled data from 4 studies, we aimed to produce new charts for assessment according to gestational age at birth (30 + 1 to 41 + 6 wk) and postnatal age at measurement (1–27 wk). Methods The sample comprised 222 preterm infants born in the United States who were measured at birth; 1029 term infants born in Ireland who were measured at birth; and 149 term infants born in the United States and 57 term infants born in Italy who were measured at birth, 1 and 2 wk, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 mo of age. Infants whose birth weights were <3rd or >97th centile of the INTERGROWTH-21st standard were excluded, thereby ensuring that the charts depict body composition of infants whose birth weights did not indicate suboptimal fetal growth. Sex-specific centiles for fat mass (kg), fat-free mass (kg), and percentage body fat were estimated using the lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) method. Results For each sex and measure (e.g., fat mass), the new charts comprised 2 panels. The first showed centiles according to gestational age, allowing term infants to be assessed at birth and preterm infants to be monitored until they reached term. The second showed centiles according to postnatal age, allowing all infants to be monitored to age 27 wk. The LMS values underlying the charts were presented, enabling researchers and clinicians to convert measurements to centiles and z scores. Conclusions The new charts provide a single tool for the assessment of body composition, according to ADP, in infants across the first 6 mo of life and will help enhance early-life nutritional management.

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Safety and Feasibility of Fasting-Mimicking Diet and Effects on Nutritional Status and Circulating Metabolic and Inflammatory Factors in Cancer Patients Undergoing Active Treatment

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers13164013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (16) ◽

pp. 4013

Author(s):

Francesca Valdemarin ◽

Irene Caffa ◽

Angelica Persia ◽

Anna Laura Cremonini ◽

Lorenzo Ferrando ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Growth Factors ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Negative Impact ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Nutritional Risk ◽

Inflammatory Factors

In preclinical studies, fasting was found to potentiate the effects of several anticancer treatments, and early clinical studies indicated that patients may benefit from regimes of modified fasting. However, concerns remain over possible negative impact on the patients’ nutritional status. We assessed the feasibility and safety of a 5-day “Fasting-Mimicking Diet” (FMD) as well as its effects on body composition and circulating growth factors, adipokines and cyto/chemokines in cancer patients. In this single-arm, phase I/II clinical trial, patients with solid or hematologic malignancy, low nutritional risk and undergoing active medical treatment received periodic FMD cycles. The body weight, handgrip strength and body composition were monitored throughout the study. Growth factors, adipokines and cyto/chemokines were assessed by ELISA. Ninety patients were enrolled, and FMD was administered every three weeks/once a month with an average of 6.3 FMD cycles/patient. FMD was largely safe with only mild side effects. The patients’ weight and handgrip remained stable, the phase angle and fat-free mass increased, while the fat mass decreased. FMD reduced the serum c-peptide, IGF1, IGFBP3 and leptin levels, while increasing IGFBP1, and these modifications persisted for weeks beyond the FMD period. Thus, periodic FMD cycles are feasible and can be safely combined with standard antineoplastic treatments in cancer patients at low nutritional risk. The FMD resulted in reduced fat mass, insulin production and circulating IGF1 and leptin. This trial was registered on Clinicaltrials.gov in July 2018 with the identifier NCT03595540.

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Cord blood leptin and gains in body weight and fat mass during infancy

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-16-0431 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 175 (5) ◽

pp. 403-410 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Carol ní Chaoimh ◽

Deirdre M Murray ◽

Louise C Kenny ◽

Alan D Irvine ◽

Jonathan O’B Hourihane ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Cord Blood ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Early Life ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Birth Cohort Study ◽

Fat Mass Index ◽

Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽

Design And Methods

Objectives Low early-life leptin concentrations may promote faster weight gain in infancy. We aimed to examine the associations between cord blood leptin concentrations and changes in weight and body composition during infancy. Design and methods Serum leptin was measured at 15 weeks gestation, in umbilical cord blood collected at delivery and at 2 years in 334 children from the Cork Baseline Birth Cohort Study. Body composition was measured at 2 days and 2 months using air displacement plethysmography. Conditional change in weight standard deviation scores over a number of age intervals in the first 2 years and conditional change in fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) (kg/(length)m2) between birth and 2 months were calculated and associations with cord blood leptin were examined using linear regression. Results At birth, cord blood leptin was positively correlated with FMI (r = 0.48, P < 0.001) and showed a weaker correlation with FFMI (r = 0.12, P = 0.05). After adjustment for confounders, higher cord blood leptin (per ng/mL) was associated with slower conditional weight gain between birth and 2 months (β (95% CI): −0.024 (−0.035, −0.013), P < 0.001) but not over subsequent age intervals. Cord blood leptin was also inversely associated with conditional change in FMI (−0.021 (−0.034, −0.007, P = 0.003) but not FFMI between birth and 2 months. Conclusions These are the first data to show that associations between higher cord blood leptin and slower weight gain during infancy are driven by lower increases in adiposity, at least in early infancy.

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Personalized Diet in Obesity: A Quasi-Experimental Study on Fat Mass and Fat-Free Mass Changes

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9091101 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1101

Author(s):

Manuel Reig García-Galbis ◽

Diego I. Gallardo ◽

Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa ◽

María José Soto-Méndez

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Body Composition ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Obese Adults ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

Clinically Significant ◽

Composition Changes

Considering that the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Southeast of Spain is high, the aim of this work was to analyze the relation between the adherence to a personalized diet and the effectiveness of changes in the body composition in overweight and obese adults in this region. This quasi-experimental study presents the following selection criteria: attendance at the consultation between 2006 and 2012, subjects ≥ 19 years of age with overweight or obesity. In total, 591 overweight or obese individuals were involved in this study, attending 4091 clinic consultations in total. Most of the sample consisted of subjects who attended >3 consultations (>1.5 months), and were females aged 19–64 years who obtained clinically significant changes in fat mass (FM, ≥5%) and recommended changes in fat-free mass (FFM, ≥0%). Based on the results obtained and the experience gained from this research, the following recommendations are established: (i) record fat mass and fat-free mass index as a complement to body mass index; (ii) use FM and FFM to evaluate effectiveness of interventions with the aim of obtaining body composition changes; (iii) use personalized diet to achieve significant changes in FM and avoid non-recommended changes in FFM.

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Effect of combined aerobic and resistance training in body composition of obese postmenopausal women

Motriz Revista de Educação Física ◽

10.1590/s1980-65742015000100008 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 61-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Fabrício E. Rossi ◽

Camila Buonani ◽

Juliana Viezel ◽

Eduardo P. da Silva ◽

Tiego A. Diniz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Training Group ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Training Protocol

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a 16-week program of combined aerobic and resistance training on the body composition of postmenopausal women who are obese. The participants were divided into two groups: training group (TG, n = 37) and non-trained control group (CG, n = 18). The trunk fat, fat mass, percentage of fat mass and fat-free mass were estimated using DXA. Three nonconsecutive 24-hour dietary recalls were conducted. The training protocol consisted of 50 minutes of resistance training followed by 30 minutes of aerobic training. After the 16-week training program, differences were observed in trunk fat (CG= 0.064 x TG= -0.571 Kg; p-value = .020), fat mass (CG= -0.088 x TG= -1.037 Kg; p-value = .020) and fat-free mass (CG= -0.388 x TG= 1.049 Kg; p = .001). Therefore, a 16-week program of systematic combined aerobic and resistance training in obese postmenopausal women was effective in improving fat-free mass and decreasing both whole and abdominal adiposity.

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A Comparison of an Alternative Weight-Grading Model Against Chronological Age Group Model for the Grouping of Schoolboy Male Rugby Players

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2021.670720 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Grégory Lentin ◽

Sean Cumming ◽

Julien Piscione ◽

Patrick Pezery ◽

Moez Bouchouicha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Group Model ◽

Body Fat Mass ◽

Grading Model ◽

Rugby Players ◽

Weight Model

ObjectivesConcerns regarding marked differences in the weights and body composition of young rugby players competing within the same age groups have led to the suggestion of alternative models for grouping young players. The aims of this study were (1) to compare variance in the body size and body composition of schoolboy rugby players (9 to 14 years), across weight- and age-grading models, and (2) to identify morphotypes for the weight model using Hattori’s body composition chart.Materials and MethodsSkinfold thickness measurements were used to assess body fat mass (BF), fat-free mass (FFM), body fat mass index (BFMI), and fat-free mass index (FFMI). Standardized measure of height and weight were taken for all participants. Data were grouped according to the age categories of the French Rugby Federation (U11: Under 11 years, U13: Under 13 years, and U15: Under 15 years), and to the weight categories (W30–44.9; W45–59.9; and W60–79.9) carried out from 25th and 75th weight percentile in each age category. Body mass index status (NW normal-weight versus OW/OB overweight/obese) was considered. Extreme morphotypes are characterized from BFMI and FFMI in the weight-grading model on Hattori’s body composition chart.ResultsThe dispersion of anthropometric characteristics decreased significantly for the weight model, except for height in all groups and BFMI for U13. Among NW, 3, 1.8, and 0% upgraded; 18.2, 68.7, and 45.5% downgraded; among OW, 50, 21.5, and 12.5%; and among OB, 91.3, 83.3, and 74.6% upgraded, respectively, in U11, U13, U15. FFMI/BFMI were correlated in U11 (r = 0.80, p < 0.001), U13 (r = 0.66, p < 0.001), and U15 (r = 0.77, p < 0.001). There was no significant correlation in W45–59.9 and low correlations in W30–44.9 (r = 0.25, p < 0.001) and W60–79.9 (r = 0.29, p < 0.001). Significant grading difference between the centroids (p < 0.05) and the distribution deviates from centroids of BFMI and FFMI (p < 0.0001) were noted between the two models. Thirteen players were located in adipo-slender, twenty-three in adipo-solid, twenty-two in lean-slender, and two located in the lean-solid morphotype in weight model.ConclusionA weight-grading model should be considered to limit mismatches in anthropometric variables. However, variations of body composition also persisted for this model. Hattori’s body composition chart allowed more detailed examination of morphological atypicalities among schoolboy rugby players.

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Body composition in adults with neurofibromatosis type 1

Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1806-9282.62.09.831 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 62 (9) ◽

pp. 831-836 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

MARCIO SOUZA ◽

ANN JANSEN ◽

ALINE MARTINS ◽

LUIZ RODRIGUES ◽

NILTON REZENDE

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Short Stature ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 ◽

Neurofibromatosis Type ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

World Health ◽

Upper Arm

SUMMARY Objective To evaluate the body composition and nutritional status of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) adult patients. Method A cross-sectional study of 60 NF1 patients (29 men, 31 women) aged ≥ 18 years who were evaluated from September 2012 to September 2013 in a Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center. Patients underwent nutritional assessment including measurements of weight, stature, waist circumference (WC), upper-arm circumference (UAC), and skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac). Body mass index (BMI), upper-arm total area (UATA), upper-arm muscle area (UAMA), upper-arm fat area (UAFA), body fat percentage (BFP), fat mass, fat-free mass, fat mass index, and fat-free mass index were also calculated. Results The mean age of the study population was 34.48±10.33 years. The prevalence of short stature was 28.3%. Low weight was present in 10% of the sample and 31.7% of patients had a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. Reduced UAMA (<5th percentile) was present in 43.3% and no difference was found in UAFA between the sexes. The BFP was considered high in 30% and 17 (28.3%) patients had a WC above the World Health Organization cutoffs. Conclusion In this study, NF1 patients had a high prevalence of underweight, short stature, and reduced UAMA, with no difference between the sexes. Reduced UAMA was more prevalent in underweight patients; however, this was also observed in the normal and overweight patients. Further studies should investigate the distribution of body tissues in NF1 patients, including differences between men and women, and the influence of diet and nutrition on clinical features in NF1.

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