scholarly journals A Comparison of an Alternative Weight-Grading Model Against Chronological Age Group Model for the Grouping of Schoolboy Male Rugby Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grégory Lentin ◽  
Sean Cumming ◽  
Julien Piscione ◽  
Patrick Pezery ◽  
Moez Bouchouicha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Group Model ◽  
Body Fat Mass ◽  
Grading Model ◽  
Rugby Players ◽  
Weight Model

ObjectivesConcerns regarding marked differences in the weights and body composition of young rugby players competing within the same age groups have led to the suggestion of alternative models for grouping young players. The aims of this study were (1) to compare variance in the body size and body composition of schoolboy rugby players (9 to 14 years), across weight- and age-grading models, and (2) to identify morphotypes for the weight model using Hattori’s body composition chart.Materials and MethodsSkinfold thickness measurements were used to assess body fat mass (BF), fat-free mass (FFM), body fat mass index (BFMI), and fat-free mass index (FFMI). Standardized measure of height and weight were taken for all participants. Data were grouped according to the age categories of the French Rugby Federation (U11: Under 11 years, U13: Under 13 years, and U15: Under 15 years), and to the weight categories (W30–44.9; W45–59.9; and W60–79.9) carried out from 25th and 75th weight percentile in each age category. Body mass index status (NW normal-weight versus OW/OB overweight/obese) was considered. Extreme morphotypes are characterized from BFMI and FFMI in the weight-grading model on Hattori’s body composition chart.ResultsThe dispersion of anthropometric characteristics decreased significantly for the weight model, except for height in all groups and BFMI for U13. Among NW, 3, 1.8, and 0% upgraded; 18.2, 68.7, and 45.5% downgraded; among OW, 50, 21.5, and 12.5%; and among OB, 91.3, 83.3, and 74.6% upgraded, respectively, in U11, U13, U15. FFMI/BFMI were correlated in U11 (r = 0.80, p < 0.001), U13 (r = 0.66, p < 0.001), and U15 (r = 0.77, p < 0.001). There was no significant correlation in W45–59.9 and low correlations in W30–44.9 (r = 0.25, p < 0.001) and W60–79.9 (r = 0.29, p < 0.001). Significant grading difference between the centroids (p < 0.05) and the distribution deviates from centroids of BFMI and FFMI (p < 0.0001) were noted between the two models. Thirteen players were located in adipo-slender, twenty-three in adipo-solid, twenty-two in lean-slender, and two located in the lean-solid morphotype in weight model.ConclusionA weight-grading model should be considered to limit mismatches in anthropometric variables. However, variations of body composition also persisted for this model. Hattori’s body composition chart allowed more detailed examination of morphological atypicalities among schoolboy rugby players.

scholarly journals Seasonal and Longitudinal Changes in Body Composition by Sport-Position in NCAA Division I Basketball Athletes

Sports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Fields ◽  
Justin Merrigan ◽  
Jason White ◽  
Margaret Jones
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Strength And Conditioning ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
Within Subjects

The purpose of this study was to assess the body composition of male and female basketball athletes (n = 323) across season, year, and sport-position using air displacement plethysmography. An independent sample t-test assessed sport-position differences. An analysis of variance was used to assess within-subjects across season (pre-season, in-season, and off-season), and academic year (freshman, sophomore, and junior). For both men and women basketball (MBB, WBB) athletes, guards had the lowest body fat, fat mass, fat free mass, and body mass. No seasonal differences were observed in MBB, but following in-season play for WBB, a reduction of (p = 0.03) in fat free mass (FFM) was observed. Across years, MBB showed an increase in FFM from freshman to sophomore year, yet remained unchanged through junior year. For WBB across years, no differences occurred for body mass (BM), body fat (BF%), and fat mass (FM), yet FFM increased from sophomore to junior year (p = 0.009). Sport-position differences exist in MBB and WBB: Guards were found to be smaller and leaner than forwards. Due to the importance of body composition (BC) on athletic performance, along with seasonal and longitudinal shifts in BC, strength and conditioning practitioners should periodically assess athletes BC to ensure preservation of FFM. Training and nutrition programming can then be adjusted in response to changes in BC.

Cocoa-rich chocolate and body composition in postmenopausal women: a randomised clinical trial

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene A. Garcia-Yu ◽  
Luis Garcia-Ortiz ◽  
Manuel A. Gomez-Marcos ◽  
Emiliano Rodriguez-Sanchez ◽  
Cristina Lugones-Sanchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Body Fat Mass ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Habitual Diet

Abstract During menopause, women undergo a series of physiological changes that include a redistribution of fat tissue. This study was designed to investigate the effect of adding 10 g of cocoa-rich chocolate to the habitual diet of postmenopausal women daily on body composition. We conducted a 6-month, two-arm randomised, controlled trial. Postmenopausal women (57·2 (sd 3·6) years, n 132) were recruited in primary care clinics. Participants in the control group (CG) did not receive any intervention. Those of the intervention group (IG) received 10 g daily of 99 % cocoa chocolate in addition to their habitual diet for 6 months. This quantity comprises 247 kJ (59 kcal) and 65·4 mg of polyphenols. The primary outcomes were the between-group differences in body composition variables, measured by impendancemetry at the end of the study. The main effect of the intervention showed a favourable reduction in the IG with respect to the CG in body fat mass (–0·63 kg (95 % CI –1·15, –0·11), P = 0·019; Cohen’s d = –0·450) and body fat percentage (–0·79 % (95 % CI –1·31, –0·26), P = 0·004; Cohen’s d = –0·539). A non-significant decrease was also observed in BMI (–0·20 kg/m2 (95 % CI –0·44, 0·03), P = 0·092; Cohen’s d = –0·345). Both the body fat mass and the body fat percentage showed a decrease in the IG for the three body segments analysed (trunk, arms and legs). Daily addition of 10 g of cocoa-rich chocolate to the habitual diet of postmenopausal women reduces their body fat mass and body fat percentage without modifying their weight.

Effect of growth hormone administration and treadmill exercise on the body composition of rats

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Yeh ◽  
J. F. Aloia ◽  
M. Chen ◽  
S. Sprintz
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Body Fat Mass ◽  
Growth Hormone Administration ◽  
Hormone Administration

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of growth hormone administration and treadmill exercise on bone mass, body fat mass, and fat-free mass. Forty female rats aged 14 mo were divided into control, ovine growth hormone administration (0.5 mg.kg-1.day-1; GH), treadmill exercise (17 m/min, 60 min/day; EX), and EX + GH groups. Noninvasive total body electrical conductivity and dual X-ray absorptiometry techniques were used to assess the body fat content, fat-free mass, and tibial and L4 vertebral bone mineral content of each experimental animal at weeks 0, 9, and 16. The age-related increase in body fat mass was suppressed in the GH group, and the fat-free mass and L4 bone mass were higher in the GH group than in the control group. Conversely, in the EX group there was no gain in body fat mass and no significant change in fat-free mass or vertebral bone mass. The tibial bone mass increased in both the GH and EX groups; however, the time response to the two interventions appeared to differ. In the EX + GH group there was no further enhancement of the anabolic effect on the tibial bone mass. The effect of growth hormone administration on body fat content and bone mass is distinct from that of treadmill exercise.

scholarly journals Eating-Disordered Behavior in Adolescents: Associations with Body Image, Body Composition and Physical Activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6665
Author(s):  
Eliška Štefanová ◽  
Peter Bakalár ◽  
Tibor Baška
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Image ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Body Fat Mass ◽  
Eating Disordered

Eating disorders (EDs) represent a disparate group of mental health problems that significantly impair physical health or psychosocial functioning. The aim of this study was to present some evidence about the prevalence of eating-disordered behavior (EDB) in adolescents, and explore its associations with body image (BI), body composition (BC) and physical activity (PA) in this age group. Data from 780 adolescents participating in a health behavior in school-aged children (HBSC) study conducted in Slovakia in 2018 were used (mean age 13.5 ± 1.3; 56% boys). Differences in mean values of numerical indicators were evaluated using the independent samples t-test. Differences between nominal variables were assessed by the chi-square test. Pearson correlation was used to describe the associations between all the selected variables. EDB was positively screened in 26.7% (208/780) of adolescents, with a higher prevalence in girls (128/344, 37.2%) than in boys (80/436, 18.3%). Significantly higher means of BI, body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), body fat mass (BFM), body fat percentage (BFP), body fat mass index (BFMI), fat free mass index (FFMI), and SCOFF questionnaire score (SCOFF QS) were found in those positively screened for EDB. Pearson correlation analysis revealed positive associations between EDB and BI, BW, BMI, BFM, BFP and BFMI. The prevalence of EDB is high in Slovak adolescents. Positive associations between EDB, BI, BMI and fat-related body composition parameters support the idea of a more integrated approach in EDs and obesity prevention and treatment. At the same time, gender differences suggest the need for considering gender-specific strategies aimed at girls and boys separately.

scholarly journals Evaluation of spirometric parameters and maximum oxygen consumption in athletes and non-athletes

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 157-161
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Rakovac ◽  
Lana Andric ◽  
Vedrana Karan ◽  
Maja Bogdan ◽  
Danijel Slavic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Fat Mass ◽  
Maximum Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Low Degree

Introduction. There is a great interest to identify factors that influence the value of maximum oxygen consumption. The goal of this research was to assess the body composition, pulmonary parameters, and maximum oxygen consumption in different types of sports and in non-athletes. Material and Methods. The research included 149 male participants: aerobic athletes (n = 55), anaerobic athletes (n = 53) and non-athletes (n = 41). The participants were tested at the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Novi Sad. Anthropometric parameters and body mass index were measured. Also, the body fat mass was determined by bioelectrical impedance. pulmonary parameters by spirometry and maximum oxygen consumption on a bicycle ergometer. Results. The body mass index values in non-athletes were the highest and significantly different compared to the aerobic athletes (p = 0.01). Also, non-athletes had significantly higher values of body fat mass compared to athletes (p < 0.001). The pulmonary parameters were not significantly different between the tested groups (p > 0.05). However. the values of maximum oxygen consumption were significantly different between all three tested groups (aerobic athletes 53.75 ? 7.82 ml/kg/min; anaerobic athletes 48.04 ? 6.79 ml/kg/min; non-athletes 41.95 ? 8.53 ml/kg/min) (p < 0.001). A low degree of correlation was found between maximum oxygen consumption and pulmonary parameters in the tested groups. Conclusion. Body composition has an impact on the pulmonary parameters. The values of maximum oxygen consumption depend on the type of sport and training. and the highest values are in aerobic sports. There is a low degree of correlation between maximum oxygen consumption and pulmonary parameters in the tested groups.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF PROGRAMMED FITNESS EXERCISE ON BODY COMPOSITION AMONG PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 047
Author(s):  
Predrag Bićanin ◽  
Saša Milenković ◽  
Dragan Radovanović ◽  
Aco Gajević ◽  
Jelena Ivanović
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Body Fat Mass ◽  
Mass Percentage ◽  
Fitness Clubs ◽  
Experimental Group

This research included a sample of 79 pre-school boys aged 6 and 7 with 40 of them in the experimental group and 39 in the control group. Their current state of body composition was studied, as well as their relations after a 6-month fitness treatment that the experimental group of participants was involved in, in order to analyze its effects. The experimental group had two classes per week, in addition to regular programmed activities as part of the children’s sport school (three times per week), and as part of 48 of additional, six-month training lessons of exercising in sport (fitness) clubs. The following variables have been used to evaluate body composition with the application of bio-electric impedance In Body 230 such as: muscle mass, percentage of muscle mass, body fat mass, percentage of body fat mass, fat free mass, percentage of fat free mass. Although small to moderate effects were obtained by the double mixed ANOVA, the results show the experimental group’s achievements as significantly higher than those of the control group. Furthermore, with individual eta coefficient findings in comparison with each group measurements, it is clear that the value of the obtained effects is different between groups to the benefit of the experimental group. Permanent implementation of the proposed programme could contribute to an improvement on the studied body composition variables which can result in the better health status of children in future.    

scholarly journals In seasonal body composition and jump performance variation in a second league male volleyball team

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Hans-Eric Reitmayer
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Fat Mass ◽  
Initial Test ◽  
Final Test ◽  
Counter Movement Jump ◽  
Study Results

Abstract Volleyball has become a sport of the giants. Under these circumstances it is desirable that players of a very large stature also possess a corresponding vertical jump. The aim of the paper was to identify the values of some parameters that we considered crucial in limiting or maximizing the in-game performance of the athletes in the study. Our intention was to verify if the body composition indicators change significantly at different stages of a competition season and if the characteristics of the jump, crucial in performing the actions through which the points arescored, are relevant in determining the level of physical conditioning. Twelve players (n=12) were selected from the second league Romanian male volleyball team CSU UVT. The subjects were tested for body composition and their spike jump and counter movement jump was measured on three separate occasions, each corresponding to a different stage of training. Study results highlighted a significant increase of 1.15kg (p=0.028) in weight at the intermediate testing compared to the initial values. There were no differences in muscle mass between the initial and the intermediate testing (p=0.88). The results have shown a significant increase of the average skeletal muscle mass in the final test by 0.77 kg over the intermediate test (p=0.012) and 0.81kg over the initial test (p=0.039).We recorded a considerable increase of body fat mass between initial and intermediate testing (p=0.0073) and there was an average decrease of 1.76 kg (p=0.0285) of body fat mass between intermediate and final testing. We have seen a significant increase in the height of the spike jump at the final test compared to the intermediate testing (p<0.0001) respectively the initial testing (p<0.0001).The counter movement jump recorded a significant decrease in the intermediate test 37.58 cm, compared to the initial test 40.57 cm (p=0.014).. Final measurements of the counter movement jump height increase in relation to intermediate testing (p=0.037). Measurements also indicate a direct correlation between the height and power developed during the jump in all the three tests: initial (r=0.76), intermediate (r=0.68) and final (r=0.84).

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF NORDIC WALKING ON BODY COMPOSITION AND FUNCTIONAL ABILITY: A CASE STUDY

2019 ◽  
pp. 299
Author(s):  
Jelena Ivanović ◽  
Aco Gajević ◽  
Ivanka Gajić ◽  
Dragan Atanasov
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Functional Ability ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Body Fat Mass ◽  
Nordic Walking ◽  
Fitness Index

The main goal of this research is to determine effect of the ten–weeks-long programmed Nordic Walking (NW) exercising to body composition and functional ability on 68 old year woman. For the evaluation of body composition, the following variables were obtained using the Bioelectric Impedance: Body mass, Body Mass Index, Body Fat Mass, Percentage of the Body Fat Mass and Fat Free Mass. For the evaluation of the functional capability, the UKK 2 km test was used and the following variables were followed: Maximal oxygen uptake and Fitness index. The program was based on aerobic exercise, with the aim of adjusting the body to physical exercise and training to improve muscle strength. The program consisted of a combination of NW and exercises for warming up, tightening and strengthening of the complete musculature. The results showed significant improvements in all observed characteristics, especially in functional parameters. Maximal oxygen uptake and Fitness index, in the end, compared to the initial measurement, improved by almost 61% (from 17.91 ml/kg/min to 29.62 ml/kg/min) and 63% (from 68 at 109). In addition, the results showed that the trend of changes in all observed characteristics has a significant increase at the level of 89.88% (for Fat free mass) to 98.73% (Fitness index). Continued application of the proposed program could contribute to the improvement of the examined variables related to body composition and functional capacity, which can result in better health status of the target population.

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