scholarly journals Assessing the Livelihood Vulnerability of Rural Indigenous Households to Climate Changes in Central Nepal, Himalaya

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nani Maiya Sujakhu ◽  
Sailesh Ranjitkar ◽  
Jun He ◽  
Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt ◽  
Yufang Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Nepal Himalaya ◽  
Mountain Communities ◽  
Farming Communities ◽  
Central Nepal ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

Climate change and related hazards affect the livelihoods of people and their vulnerability to shocks and stresses. Though research on the linkages between a changing climate and vulnerability has been increasing, only a few studies have examined the caste/ethnicity and gender dimensions of livelihood vulnerability. In this study, we attempt to explore how cultural and gender-related aspects influence livelihood vulnerability in indigenous farming mountain communities of the Nepal Himalaya in the context of climate change. We applied the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) to estimate household (social group and gender-based) vulnerability in farming communities in the Melamchi River Valley, Nepal. The results identified female-headed families, and those belonging to disadvantaged social groups as more vulnerable and in need of being preferentially targeted by policy measures. Higher exposure to climatic extremes and related hazards, dependency on natural resources, lack of financial assets, and weak social networking were identified as components that determine overall vulnerability. The study also visualizes complex adaptation pathways and analyzes the influence of gender and ethnicity on the capacities of households and communities to adapt to climate change.

scholarly journals Climate change and gender-based health disparities

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. e44-e45
Author(s):  
Kim van Daalen ◽  
Laura Jung ◽  
Roopa Dhatt ◽  
Alexandra L Phelan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Health Disparities ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

scholarly journals A quasi-experimental study of ethnic and gender bias in university grading

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254422
Author(s):  
Carina Saxlund Bischoff ◽  
Anders Ejrnæs ◽  
Olivier Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Discrimination In Employment ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Written Assignments ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

This paper contributes to the debate on race- and gender-based discrimination in grading. We apply a quasi-experimental research design exploiting a shift from open grading in 2018 (examinee’s name clearly visible on written assignments), to blind grading in 2019 (only student ID number visible). The analysis thus informs name-based stereotyping and discrimination, where student ethnicity and gender are derived from their names on written assignments. The case is a quantitative methods exam at Roskilde University (Denmark). We rely on OLS regression models with interaction terms to analyze whether blind grading has any impact on the relative grading differences between the sexes (female vs. male examinees) and/or between the two core ethnic groups (ethnic minorities vs. ethnic majority examinees). The results show no evidence of gender or ethnic bias based on names in the grading process. The results were validated by several checks for robustness. We argue that the weaker evidence of ethnic discrimination in grading vis-à-vis discrimination in employment and housing suggests the relevance of gauging the stakes involved in potentially discriminatory activities.

scholarly journals Treeline dynamics with climate change at the central Nepal Himalaya

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1277-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. P. Gaire ◽  
M. Koirala ◽  
D. R. Bhuju ◽  
H. P. Borgaonkar
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Elevation Gradient ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Nepal Himalaya ◽  
Central Nepal ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Treeline shifting in tandem with climate change has widely been reported from various parts of the world. In Nepal, several impacts of climate change on the physical environment have been observed, but study on the biological impacts is lacking. This dendrochronological study was carried out at the treeline in the high mountain slope of Kalchuman Lake (3750–4003 m a.s.l.) area of Manaslu Conservation Area in the central Nepal Himalaya to explore the impact of climate change on the treeline dynamic. Two belt transect plots (size: 20 m wide, > 250 m long) were laid which included treeline as well as tree species limit. Ecological mapping of all individuals of dominant trees Abies spectabilis and Betula utilis was done and their tree cores were collected. Stand character and age distribution revealed an occurrence of more matured B. utilis (max. age 198 years) compared to A. spectabilis (max. age 160 years). A. spectabilis contained an overwhelmingly high population (89%) of younger plants (< 50 years) indicating its high recruitment rate. Population age structure along the elevation gradient revealed an upward shifting of A. spectabilis at the rate of 2.61 m year-1 since AD 1850. The upper distribution limit of B. utilis was found to be stagnant in the past few decades. An increment in plant density as well as upward shifting in the studied treeline ecotones was observed. The temporal growth of A. spectabilis was correlated negatively with the monthly mean and minimum temperature of June to September of the current and previous year. The regeneration of A. spectabilis, on the other hand, was positively correlated with August precipitation and monthly maximum temperature of the month of the current year. The growth and regeneration of A. spectabilis was more sensitive to maximum and minimum temperature rather than average temperature. The growth of the B. utilis was mainly limited by moisture stress during the pre-monsoon season. As these two species presented species-specific responses to climate change with differential pattern in regeneration condition, much wider differences are anticipated in their population status as climate continues to change throughout the century.

Role of Climate Change in Exacerbating Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Women: A New Challenge for International Law

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Bharat H. Desai ◽  
Moumita Mandal
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
International Law ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
Political Security ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

The advent of climate change era has been affirmed by various global processes including 21 May 2019 recognition by the Anthropocene Working Group of ‘human impact’ in bringing profound alterations on planet earth. It has emerged as the predominant ‘world problematique’. Though entire populations are affected by climate change, women and girls suffer the most. Due to their traditional roles, women are heavily dependent on natural resources. As already seen, as a consequence of natural disasters and during Covid-19 pandemic in 2020-21, women have faced heightened real-life challenges specially being vulnerable to different forms of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV). They suffer from a lack of protection, privacy, and mental trauma. Women are exposed to SGBV due to weak or absence of social, economic, political security and the culture of widespread impunity to the perpetrators. There is double victimization of women both as human beings and because of their gender. Effect of SGBV is highly injurious and perpetual. A close study of four main areas of international law does not yield any international legal instrument that deals with SGBV against women during and after the climate change induced disasters. This is more ominous when growing evidence suggests role of climate change in exacerbation of SGBV against women and girls. Even texts of the three specific climate change treaties (1992 UNFCCC, 1997 Kyoto Protocol and 2005 Paris Agreement) do not address this issue. It has been given attention only through the decisions of the Conference of the Parties in recent years. Due to serious psychological and bodily harm SGBV causes to women, it needs to be explicitly factored in respective international legal instruments on climate change and disasters. Amidst ignorance, denials and lack of adequate attention as regards impact of climate change in exacerbating SGBV against women and girls from the scholars and decision-makers in the field, this study makes a modest effort to deduce and analyze –from scattered initiatives, scholarly literature in different areas, existing international legal instruments and intergovernmental processes –the growing causal relationship between climate change and SGBV against women and girls so as to suggest a way out for our better common future. It is a new challenge to international law that needs to be duly addressed in a timely manner.

scholarly journals Racial/ethnic/gender-based Disparities in Health Trajectories among American Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 894-894
Author(s):  
Dexia Kong ◽  
Peiyi Lu ◽  
Joan Davitt ◽  
Mack Shelley
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Hispanic Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Abstract Numerous studies have examined racial/ethnic- or gender-based disparities in health. However, few examined health outcomes based on a combination of individuals’ race, ethnicity, and gender. Guided by an intersectionality framework, this study explores racial/ethnic/gender-based differences in older adults’ health trajectories over a ten-year period. Longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study (2004-2014) were used (n=16,654). Older adults (65+) were stratified into six groups based on their race, ethnicity, and gender, including (1) Non-Hispanic (NH) White Men; (2) NH White Women; (3) NH Black Men; (4) NH Black Women; (5) Hispanic Men; and (6) Hispanic Women. Growth curve models were used to examine the trajectories of three health indicators over time, including cognitive function, physical function (i.e. the sum of activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living), and depressive symptoms. The results indicated that NH White men and women outperformed racial/ethnic minority groups in cognition and physical function trajectories. Females in all racial/ethnic groups had more depressive symptoms but better cognition than their male counterparts. Hispanic women reported the most depressive symptoms. Hispanic women and NH Black women had the poorest physical function. NH Black men/women had the lowest cognition. Study findings highlighted the utility of an intersectionality framework in understanding health disparities in later life. Multiple social identities intersect with each other and generate protective and/or risk effects on cognitive, mental, and physical health status. Multilevel intervention strategies are warranted to close the health equity gap among various marginalized population groups.

scholarly journals Toward an Intersectional Approach to Health Justice

2020 ◽  
pp. 002073142098185
Author(s):  
Arnel M. Borras
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Health Inequality ◽  
Health Inequity ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Health Justice ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

Despite unprecedented global wealth creation, health inequity—the unjust health inequality between classes and groups among and within countries—persists, reviving the relevance of social justice as a lens to understand and as an instrument to intervene in these issues. However, the theoretical aspects and polysemous character of social justice as applied in the field of public health are often assumed rather than explicitly explained. An intersectional justice approach to understanding health inequality, inequity, and injustice might be useful. It argues that preexisting class-, race/ethnicity-, and gender-based health injustice and the socially differentiated impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic are shaped, interconnectedly, by economic maldistribution, cultural misrecognition, and political misrepresentation. Pursuing health justice requires analyses, strategies, and interventions that integrate the economic, cultural, and political spheres of redistribution, recognition, and representation, respectively. Such an intersectional approach to health justice is even more relevant and compelling in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. This article is broadly about class, race/ethnicity, and gender political economy of public health—but with a narrower focus on maldistribution, misrecognition, and misrepresentation, shaping social and health injustices.

scholarly journals The Role of Gender and Institutional Dynamics in Adapting Seed Systems to Climate Change: Case Studies from Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 840
Author(s):  
Pricilla Marimo ◽  
Gloria Otieno ◽  
Esther Njuguna-Mungai ◽  
Ronnie Vernooy ◽  
Michael Halewood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Women Farmers ◽  
Seed Systems ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Institutional Dynamics ◽  
Farming Communities ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Equitable Outcomes

We explore how seed systems enhance access to seeds, and information for climate-change adaptation in farming communities in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, as well as how gender-driven roles and institutional dynamics influence the process. Men and women farmers equally experience climate-change related effects, including drought, short rainy seasons and increased pest and disease incidence. Our study relies on exploratory data analysis of 1001 households surveyed in four sites in 2016. Farmers surveyed preferred early-maturing, heat-tolerant, high-yielding, and pest- and disease-resistant varieties, all important climate-adaptive traits. Seed systems of the focus crops studied are largely informal—overall, 68% women and 62% men use their own seed, indicating women’s higher reliance on ‘informal’ seed and information sources. Only 21% of respondents reported interacting with seed experts who are affiliated with formal organizations. Both formal and informal organizations play a key role in providing access to climate-adapted seed/information, with access for men and women varying across the countries studied. There is a need to support further development of those connections, building on existing social networks. We conclude that inclusive and gender-responsive context- and country-specific seed interventions will ensure equitable outcomes, increase women’s empowerment and strengthen both formal and informal seed systems for more effective climate-change adaptation.

Ethnicity- and Gender-based Subject Retrieval Using 3-D Face-Recognition Techniques

2010 ◽  
Vol 89 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 382-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Toderici ◽  
Sean M. O’Malley ◽  
George Passalis ◽  
Theoharis Theoharis ◽  
Ioannis A. Kakadiaris
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

Environmental Law and Feminism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cinnamon P. Carlarne
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Justice ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Climate Justice ◽  
Coalition Building ◽  
The Law ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

This article explores the important but poorly understood relationship between environmental law and legal feminism. The modern legal movements to curb environmental degradation and gender-based discrimination are still young. For environmentalism, the focus is on constraining unbridled ecosystem destruction. For feminism, the focus is on discovering and unraveling the systems that subordinate women. Little has been done, however, to cultivate or respond to these movements’ linkages. The onset of climate change and the maturing of climate law, however, are bringing renewed attention to this underexplored relationship. The article explores how the evolution of ecofeminism, the environmental justice movement, and the climate justice movement are advancing thinking at the intersection of environmental law and feminism and the law. In particular, it suggests that as both fields increasingly seek to situate ongoing challenges within larger structures of power and inequality, they draw closer together, creating opportunities for intellectual exchange and coalition building.

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