Effective Ecological and Cheap Heating of Dwelling Spaces

The sustainability of human civilization depends largely on green energy management. This work represents one way to achieve this goal. The work is devoted to converting microwave radiation to heat. The article analyses different ways of heating residential and utility areas. Materials suitable for converting microwave radiation to heat from ceramic composites, concretes, fire clays, and bauxite with water glass are enclosed. For all materials we have measured DTA/TG (Differential Thermal Analysis/Thermogravimetric Analysis) curves, XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) patterns, chemical composition of samples, the specific heat capacity cp [J/kg.K], thermal conductivity k [W/m.K] and diffusivity α [m2/s-1]. The cooling curves of these materials after microwave heating are characterized in detail. The paper also presents a description and construction of a microwave reactor together with the parameters of the living space heating.

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Structural and Microstructure Relationship with Fracture Toughness of CeO2 Addition into Zirconia Toughened Alumina (ZTA) Ceramic Composites

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.620.252 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 620 ◽

pp. 252-256 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nik Akmar Rejab ◽

Ahmad Zahirani Ahmad Azhar ◽

Manimaran Ratnam ◽

Zainal Arifin Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Fracture Toughness ◽

Weight Percent ◽

Ceramic Composites ◽

Alumina Ceramic ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Phase Determination ◽

X Ray ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

Zirconia Toughened Alumina

The effect of CeO2addition in zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) was examined. The CeO2addition in weight percent (wt %) was varied from 0 wt% to 15 wt%. The fabricated samples were sintered at a temperature of 1600°C. The sintered samples were characterized their properties such as fracture toughness and phase determination. X-ray diffraction patterns confirm the constituent phases present in the samples were alumina and zirconia. Fracture toughness for each sample in the range of 5.878.38 MPam1/2respectively. It was observed that the addition of ceria increased the fracture toughness of the zirconia toughened alumina ceramic composites.

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Utilization of ceramic materials in the process of electromagnetic wave conversion to heat usable for space heating of residential facilities

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201929201014 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 292 ◽

pp. 01014

Author(s):

Pavel Koštial ◽

Zora Koštialová Jančíková ◽

Jozef Vlček ◽

Hana Špačková ◽

Pavel Klaus

Keyword(s):

Microwave Radiation ◽

Ceramic Materials ◽

Ceramic Composites ◽

Infrared Heating ◽

Space Heating ◽

Living Room ◽

Cooling Curves ◽

Microwave Reactor ◽

Refractory Ceramic ◽

Wave Conversion

The work is dedicated to converting microwave radiation to heat. The article analyses different ways of heating residential and utility areas. Attention is paid mainly to infrared heating. Ceramic materials suitable for converting microwave radiation to heat from refractory ceramic composites are disclosed. The cooling curves of these materials after microwave heating are characterized in detail. The paper also presents a description of a microwave reactor with a fireclay brick together with the parameters of the living room heating.

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Evaluation of Freezing Methods by Low Temperature X-Ray Diffraction

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100079176 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 330-333

Author(s):

T. Gulik-Krzywicki ◽

M.J. Costello

Keyword(s):

Biological Materials ◽

Molecular Organization ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Glass Capillary ◽

X Ray ◽

Rate Dependent ◽

Before And After ◽

Freeze Etching ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

Set Up

Freeze-etching electron microscopy is currently one of the best methods for studying molecular organization of biological materials. Its application, however, is still limited by our imprecise knowledge about the perturbations of the original organization which may occur during quenching and fracturing of the samples and during the replication of fractured surfaces. Although it is well known that the preservation of the molecular organization of biological materials is critically dependent on the rate of freezing of the samples, little information is presently available concerning the nature and the extent of freezing-rate dependent perturbations of the original organizations. In order to obtain this information, we have developed a method based on the comparison of x-ray diffraction patterns of samples before and after freezing, prior to fracturing and replication.Our experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 1. The sample to be quenched is placed on its holder which is then mounted on a small metal holder (O) fixed on a glass capillary (p), whose position is controlled by a micromanipulator.

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Examination of Rabbit Fc Crystals

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100100445 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 140-141

Author(s):

J. P. Robinson ◽

P. G. Lenhert

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Flat Plate ◽

Phosphate Buffer ◽

Asymmetric Unit ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Neutral Ph ◽

Small Crystals ◽

Carbon Coated ◽

Diffraction Patterns

Crystallographic studies of rabbit Fc using X-ray diffraction patterns were recently reported. The unit cell constants were reported to be a = 69. 2 A°, b = 73. 1 A°, c = 60. 6 A°, B = 104° 30', space group P21, monoclinic, volume of asymmetric unit V = 148, 000 A°3. The molecular weight of the fragment was determined to be 55, 000 ± 2000 which is in agreement with earlier determinations by other methods.Fc crystals were formed in water or dilute phosphate buffer at neutral pH. The resulting crystal was a flat plate as previously described. Preparations of small crystals were negatively stained by mixing the suspension with equal volumes of 2% silicotungstate at neutral pH. A drop of the mixture was placed on a carbon coated grid and allowed to stand for a few minutes. The excess liquid was removed and the grid was immediately put in the microscope.

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Control of the phase composition of advanced calcium phosphates using an x-ray diffractometer with a curved position-sensitive detector

Industrial laboratory Diagnostics of materials ◽

10.26896/1028-6861-2020-86-6-29-35 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 86 (6) ◽

pp. 29-35

Author(s):

V. P. Sirotinkin ◽

O. V. Baranov ◽

A. Yu. Fedotov ◽

S. M. Barinov

Keyword(s):

Phase Composition ◽

Calcium Phosphates ◽

Position Sensitive Detector ◽

Sensitive Detector ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Impurity Phases ◽

Position Sensitive ◽

Diffraction Peaks ◽

Diffraction Patterns

The results of studying the phase composition of advanced calcium phosphates Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, β-Ca3(PO4)2, α-Ca3(PO4)2, CaHPO4 · 2H2O, Ca8(HPO4)2(PO4)4 · 5H2O using an x-ray diffractometer with a curved position-sensitive detector are presented. Optimal experimental conditions (angular positions of the x-ray tube and detector, size of the slits, exposure time) were determined with allowance for possible formation of the impurity phases during synthesis. The construction features of diffractometers with a position-sensitive detector affecting the profile characteristics of x-ray diffraction peaks are considered. The composition for calibration of the diffractometer (a mixture of sodium acetate and yttrium oxide) was determined. Theoretical x-ray diffraction patterns for corresponding calcium phosphates are constructed on the basis of the literature data. These x-ray diffraction patterns were used to determine the phase composition of the advanced calcium phosphates. The features of advanced calcium phosphates, which should be taken into account during the phase analysis, are indicated. The powder of high-temperature form of tricalcium phosphate strongly adsorbs water from the environment. A strong texture is observed on the x-ray diffraction spectra of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate. A rather specific x-ray diffraction pattern of octacalcium phosphate pentahydrate revealed the only one strong peak at small angles. In all cases, significant deviations are observed for the recorded angular positions and relative intensity of the diffraction peaks. The results of the study of experimentally obtained mixtures of calcium phosphate are presented. It is shown that the graphic comparison of experimental x-ray diffraction spectra and pre-recorded spectra of the reference calcium phosphates and possible impurity phases is the most effective method. In this case, there is no need for calibration. When using this method, the total time for analysis of one sample is no more than 10 min.

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Infrared spectroscopic study of the YPO4-YCrO4 system

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc19852139 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 50 (10) ◽

pp. 2139-2145

Author(s):

Alexander Muck ◽

Eva Šantavá ◽

Bohumil Hájek

Keyword(s):

Spectroscopic Study ◽

Infrared Spectra ◽

Point Of View ◽

Mixed Crystals ◽

Crystal Symmetry ◽

Infrared Spectroscopic Study ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Infrared Spectroscopic ◽

Diffraction Patterns

The infrared spectra and powder X-ray diffraction patterns of polycrystalline YPO4-YCrO4 samples are studied from the point of view of their crystal symmetry. Mixed crystals of the D4h19 symmetry are formed over the region of 0-30 mol.% YPO4 in YCrO4. The Td → D2d → D2 or C2v(GS eff) correlation is appropriate for both PO43- and CrO43- anions.

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Deep learning for visualization and novelty detection in large X-ray diffraction datasets

npj Computational Materials ◽

10.1038/s41524-021-00575-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lars Banko ◽

Phillip M. Maffettone ◽

Dennis Naujoks ◽

Daniel Olds ◽

Alfred Ludwig

Keyword(s):

Thin Film ◽

Crystal Structure ◽

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Deep Learning ◽

Novelty Detection ◽

Structural Similarity ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

Post Hoc

AbstractWe apply variational autoencoders (VAE) to X-ray diffraction (XRD) data analysis on both simulated and experimental thin-film data. We show that crystal structure representations learned by a VAE reveal latent information, such as the structural similarity of textured diffraction patterns. While other artificial intelligence (AI) agents are effective at classifying XRD data into known phases, a similarly conditioned VAE is uniquely effective at knowing what it doesn’t know: it can rapidly identify data outside the distribution it was trained on, such as novel phases and mixtures. These capabilities demonstrate that a VAE is a valuable AI agent for aiding materials discovery and understanding XRD measurements both ‘on-the-fly’ and during post hoc analysis.

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Simultaneous Multi-Bragg Peak Coherent X-ray Diffraction Imaging

Crystals ◽

10.3390/cryst11030312 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 312

Author(s):

Florian Lauraux ◽

Stéphane Labat ◽

Sarah Yehya ◽

Marie-Ingrid Richard ◽

Steven J. Leake ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bragg Reflection ◽

Volume Ratio ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Crystal Substrate ◽

In Series ◽

Diffraction Imaging ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

Lattice Planes ◽

Oriented Parallel

The simultaneous measurement of two Bragg reflections by Bragg coherent X-ray diffraction is demonstrated on a twinned Au crystal, which was prepared by the solid-state dewetting of a 30 nm thin gold film on a sapphire substrate. The crystal was oriented on a goniometer so that two lattice planes fulfill the Bragg condition at the same time. The Au 111 and Au 200 Bragg peaks were measured simultaneously by scanning the energy of the incident X-ray beam and recording the diffraction patterns with two two-dimensional detectors. While the former Bragg reflection is not sensitive to the twin boundary, which is oriented parallel to the crystal–substrate interface, the latter reflection is only sensitive to one part of the crystal. The volume ratio between the two parts of the twinned crystal is about 1:9, which is also confirmed by Laue microdiffraction of the same crystal. The parallel measurement of multiple Bragg reflections is essential for future in situ and operando studies, which are so far limited to either a single Bragg reflection or several in series, to facilitate the precise monitoring of both the strain field and defects during the application of external stimuli.

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