scholarly journals Novel Cake Washer for Removing Oil-Based Calcium Carbonate Filter Cake in Horizontal Wells

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3427
Author(s):  
Osama Siddig ◽  
Saad Al-Afnan ◽  
Salaheldin Elkatatny ◽  
Mohamed Bahgat
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Drilling Technique ◽  
Impermeable Layer ◽  
Calcium Carbonate Dissolution ◽  
Emulsion Oil ◽  
Cake Removal

An impermeable layer “filter cake” usually forms during the overbalanced drilling technique. Even though it helps in protecting the formation from a further invasion of drilling fluids, the removal of this layer is essential for a proper cement job and to avoid any reduction in wellbore deliverability. The design of the removal process is complicated and depends on the filter cake composition and homogeneity. This paper presents an experimental evaluation on the usage of a novel cake washer (NCW) in the removal of a filter cake formed by an invert emulsion oil-based drilling fluid that contains calcium carbonate as a weighting material while drilling a horizontal reservoir. The proposed NCW is a mixture of organic acid, mutual solvent and nonionic surfactant. It is designed to enable restored wellbore permeability for a sustainable production. Since the filter cake mainly consists of the weighting material, the solubility of calcium carbonate in NCW at different ranges of temperature, duration and concentration was investigated. An actual casing joint was used to test the corrosion possibility of the treating solution. High-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) filtration tests on ceramic discs and Berea sandstone core samples were conducted to measure the efficiency of the filter cake removal and the retained permeability. Ethylene glycol mono butyl ether (EGMBE) was used as a mutual solvent and the solubility was higher compared to when the mutual solvent was not used in the washer formulation. A significant increase in calcium carbonate dissolution with time was observed for a duration of 24 h. The solubility was found to be proportional to the concentration of NCW with optimum results of 99% removal at a temperature of around 212 °F. At those conditions, no major corrosion problems were detected. Permeability of the core retained its pristine value after the treatment.

Well Clean-Up Using a Combined Thermochemical/Chelating Agent Fluids

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Chelating Agent ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Gas Wells ◽  
Oil And Gas Wells ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cake Removal

The well clean-up process involves the removal of impermeable filter cake from the formation face. This process is essential to allow the formation fluids to flow from the reservoir to the wellbore. Different types of drilling fluids such as oil- and water-based drilling fluids are used to drill oil and gas wells. These drilling fluids are weighted with different weighting materials such as bentonite, calcium carbonate, and barite. The filter cake that forms on the formation face consists mainly of the drilling fluid weighting materials (around 90%), and the rest is other additives such as polymers or oil in the case of oil-base drilling fluids. The process of filter cake removal is very complicated because it involves more than one stage due to the compatibility issues of the fluids used to remove the filter cake. Different formulations were used to remove different types of filter cake, but the problem with these methods is the removal efficiency or the compatibility. In this paper, a new method was developed to remove different types of filter cakes and to clean-up oil and gas wells after drilling operations. Thermochemical fluids that consist of two inert salts when mixed together will generate very high pressure and high temperature in addition to hot water and hot nitrogen. These fluids are sodium nitrate and ammonium chloride. The filter cake was formed using barite and calcite water- and oil-based drilling fluids at high pressure and high temperature. The removal process started by injecting 500 ml of the two salts and left for different time periods from 6 to 24 h. The results of this study showed that the newly developed method of thermochemical removed the filter cake after 6 h with a removal efficiency of 89 wt% for the barite filter cake in the water-based drilling fluid. The mechanisms of removal using the combined solution of thermochemical fluid and ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) chelating agent were explained by the generation of a strong pressure pulse that disturbed the filter cake and the generation of the high temperature that enhanced the barite dissolution and polymer degradation. This solution for filter cake removal works for reservoir temperatures greater than 100 °C.

The Research on Smart Drill-In Fluid Design

2010 ◽  
Vol 146-147 ◽  
pp. 1075-1079
Author(s):  
Zhi Yong Li ◽  
Jie Nian Yan ◽  
Guang Cheng Jiang ◽  
Shui Xiang Xie ◽  
Ying Jun Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Damage Control ◽  
Petroleum Engineering ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Calcium Carbonates ◽  
Active Calcium ◽  
Conventional Drilling

There are continuous high concerns on formation protection technology in international petroleum engineering field. The reservoir drill-in fluid (RDF) is the first non-native fluid to contact formation, and which influences directly the ultimate capacity of oil and gas well. The paper discusses the smart RDF design method based on conventional drilling fluid. The designed RDF system is characterized as good formation damage control, as well as the performance easily adjusted for field application. The technology combines ideal packing technology with active calcium carbonate to obtain low permeability filter cake, high return permeability and low initial flowing pressure. The sized calcium carbonates contribute to develop sealing zone for preventing filtrate and solids from invading into formation, and the organophilic passageway in filter cake (the active calcium carbonate) is favorable to open automatically passageway for oil and gas during production. Different modifiers used to ground calciumcarbonate surface modification are evaluated in laboratory. And the laboratory results show modified calcium carbonates are comfortable with conventional drilling fluids additives such as XC(Xanthan ), potassium polyacrylate(K-PAM), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(Na-CMC).

Low ECD High Performance Invert Emulsion Drilling Fluids: Lab Development and Field Deployment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikrant Wagle ◽  
Abdullah Yami ◽  
Michael Onoriode ◽  
Jacques Butcher ◽  
Nivika Gupta
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Invert Emulsion ◽  
Field Deployment ◽  
Permeability Studies

Abstract The present paper describes the results of the formulation of an acid-soluble low ECD organoclay-free invert emulsion drilling fluid formulated with acid soluble manganese tetroxide and a specially designed bridging package. The paper also presents a short summary of field applications to date. The novel, non-damaging fluid has superior rheology resulting in lower ECD, excellent suspension properties for effective hole cleaning and barite-sag resistance while also reducing the risk of stuck pipe in high over balance applications. 95pcf high performance invert emulsion fluid (HPIEF) was formulated using an engineered bridging package comprising of acid-soluble bridging agents and an acid-soluble weighting agent viz. manganese tetroxide. The paper describes the filtration and rheological properties of the HPIEF after hot rolling at 300oF. Different tests such as contamination testing, sag-factor analysis, high temperature-high pressure rheology measurements and filter-cake breaking studies at 300oF were performed on the HPIEF. The 95pcf fluid was also subjected to particle plugging experiments to determine the invasion characteristics and the non-damaging nature of the fluids. The 95pcf HPIEF exhibited optimal filtration properties at high overbalance conditions. The low PV values and rheological profile support low ECDs while drilling. The static aging tests performed on the 95pcf HPIEF resulted in a sag factor of less than 0.53, qualifying the inherent stability for expected downhole conditions. The HPIEF demonstrated resilience to contamination testing with negligible change in properties. Filter-cake breaking experiments performed using a specially designed breaker fluid system gave high filter-cake breaking efficiency. Return permeability studies were performed with the HPIEF against synthetic core material, results of which confirmed the non-damaging design of the fluid. The paper thus demonstrates the superior performance of the HPIEF in achieving the desired lab and field performance.

scholarly journals Development of Hybrid Drilling Fluid and Enzyme–Acid Precursor-Based Clean-Up Fluid for Wells Drilled with Calcium Carbonate-Based Drilling Fluids

ACS Omega ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (40) ◽  
pp. 25984-25992
Author(s):  
Bisweswar Ghosh ◽  
Ismail Mohammad AlCheikh ◽  
Debayan Ghosh ◽  
Samuel Ossisanya ◽  
Muhammad Arif
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Acid Precursor

Evaluation of Constitutive Equation for Stress in Solids in Porous Media Composed of Bridging Agents Used in Drilling Fluids

2012 ◽  
Vol 727-728 ◽  
pp. 1878-1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Arantes Moreira ◽  
Flávia Cristina Assis Silva ◽  
Larissa dos Santos Sousa ◽  
Fábio de Oliveira Arouca ◽  
João Jorge Ribeiro Damasceno
Keyword(s):  
Porous Media ◽  
Constitutive Equation ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Oil Well ◽  
Well Drilling ◽  
Drilling Operations ◽  
The Stability

During oil well drilling processes in reservoir-rocks, the drilling fluid invades the formation, forming a layer of particles called filter cake. The formation of a thin filter cake and low permeability helps to control the drilling operation, ensuring the stability of the well and reducing the fluid loss of the liquid phase in the interior of the rocks. The empirical determination of the constitutive equation for the stress in solids is essential to evaluate the filtration and filter cake formation in drilling operations, enabling the operation simulation. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the relationship between the porosity and stress in solids of porous media composed of bridging agents used in drilling fluids. The concentration distribution in sediments was determined using a non-destructive technique based on the measure of attenuated gamma rays. The procedure employed in this study avoids the use of compression-permeability cell for the sediment characterization.

Effect of Sand Content on the Filter Cake Properties and Removal During Drilling Maximum Reservoir Contact Wells in Sandstone Reservoir

2015 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Badr S. Ba geri ◽  
Mohamed Mahmoud ◽  
Saleh. H. Al-Mutairi ◽  
Abdulazeez Abdulraheem
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Flow Line ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Horizontal Section ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Porosity And Permeability ◽  
Sand Particles ◽  
Sandstone Reservoir ◽  
Sandstone Formation

The drilling mud program contains many tests such as filtration rate and filter cake properties to select the proper drilling fluid additives that yield the standard ranges of the viscosity, filtration rate, etc. However, the physical and chemical changes in the mud composition during the mud circulating will cause changes to the filter cake properties. The changes in the filter cake properties should be considered in the mud design program to prevent the problems associated with the change in the drilling fluid properties. For long horizontal wellbores penetrating plastic formations, the two sources of solids in filter cake are drilling chemical additives and formation cuttings (sand particles in the case of sandstone reservoir). This study focuses on the effect of introducing sand particles from the drilled—formations on the filter cake properties. Real drilling fluid samples from the field were collected at different location during drilling a 3600 ft of the horizontal section of a sandstone formation. Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) was used as weighting material in this filed. The drilling fluid samples were collected at two different points: the flow line coming from the well after shale shaker and the flow line going to the well to verify the effect of separation stages on filter cake properties. The primary drilling fluid properties of the collected samples were measured such as density and rheological parameters. High pressure high temperature (HPHT) filter press was used to perform the filtration and filter cake experiments at 300 psi differential pressure and room temperature (25 °C). The mineralogy of the external filter cake formed by fluid loss cell is determined using SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and XRD (X-ray diffraction). Finally, solubility test was conducted to evaluate the effect of sand particles on filter cake removal (containing Calcium Carbonate as weighting material) using chelating agent: glutamic diacetic acid (GLDA) at pH 4. The results showed that for long horizontal sections, the effect of introducing sand particles to the composition of the filter cake can cause significant change to the properties of filter cake such as mineralogy, thickness, porosity, and permeability. For instant the thickness of filter cake increased about 40% of its original thickness when drilling sandstone formation in horizontal well due to fine sand particle settling. The filter cake porosity and permeability increment in the first 2000 ft part of the horizontal section was observed clearly due to the irregular shape of the drilling particles. However for the points after the first 2000 ft of horizontal lateral, the porosity and permeability almost remained constant. Increasing the sand content up to 20% degrade the dissolution rate of calcium carbonate in the GLDA (pH = 3.8) to 80% instead of 100%.

scholarly journals Transient response of near-wellbore supercharging during filter cake growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Tianshou Ma ◽  
Nian Peng ◽  
Ping Chen ◽  
Yang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Pore Pressure ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Dynamic Filter ◽  
Cake Porosity

Supercharging in the vicinity of a borehole is an important factor that affects formation damage and drilling safety, and the filter cake growth process has a significant impact on supercharging in the vicinity of the borehole. However, existing models that predict pore pressure distribution overlook dynamic filter cake growth. Thus, an analytical supercharging model was developed that considers time-dependent filter cake effects, and this model was verified using a two-dimensional numerical model. The influences of filter cake, formation, and filtrate properties on supercharging were investigated systematically. The results indicate that time-dependent filter cake effects have significant influence on supercharging. Supercharging increases in the early stage but decreases over time because of the dynamic growth of filter cake, and the supercharging magnitude decreases along the radial direction. Because of filter cake growth, the magnitude of supercharging falls quickly across the filter cake, and the decreased magnitude of pore pressure caused by the filter cake increases. Supercharging in low-permeability formations is more obvious and the faster rate of filter cake growth, a lower filtrate viscosity and faster reduction rate of filter cake permeability can help to weaken supercharging. The order of importance of influencing factors on supercharging is overbalance pressure > formation permeability > formation porosity ≈ filtrate viscosity > filter cake permeability attenuation coefficient > initial filter cake permeability control ratio > filter cake growth coefficient > filter cake porosity. To alleviate supercharging in the vicinity of the borehole, adopting drilling fluids that allow a filter cake to form quickly, optimizing drilling fluid with a lower filtrate viscosity, keeping a smaller overbalance pressure, and precise operation at the rig site are suggested for low-permeability formations during drilling.

scholarly journals Application of Microemulsion Systems in the Formulation of Biodegradable Pre-Flush Fluid for Primary Cementing

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4683
Author(s):  
Elayne A. Araújo ◽  
Thaine T. Caminha ◽  
Evanice M. Paiva ◽  
Raphael R. Silva ◽  
Júlio Cézar O. Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Oil Well ◽  
Cement Slurry ◽  
Removal Time ◽  
Primary Cementing ◽  
Flush Fluid ◽  
Cake Removal

Oil well cleanup fluids (pre-flushes) are intermediate fluids pumped ahead of the cement slurry; they are able to clean the well walls by removing the filter cake formed by the drilling fluid, and leave the surface water-wet. This work’s main objective was to use biodegradable microemulsion systems as cleanup fluids in order to reduce the environmental impact. Three microemulsion systems were formulated, each composed of an oil phase, a surfactant and three different aqueous phases: glycerol, glycerol:water (mass ratio 1:1), and fresh water. The results show that all microemulsion systems were effective with 100% filter cake removal, with a removal time of less than 60 s. The wettability test and fluid compatibility analyses exhibited advantageous performances, without phase separation, variations in viscosity, gelation, or flocculation. The compressive strength and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) analysis showed the influence of the glycerol on the cement slurry properties, with the compressive strength resistance ranging from 8.0 to 10.7 MPa, and resulted in the formation of portlandite.

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