scholarly journals A Review on Potential Plant-Based Water Stress Indicators for Vegetable Crops

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ved Parkash ◽  
Sukhbir Singh
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Stress Indicators ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Irrigation Practices

Area under vegetable cultivation is expanding in arid and semi-arid regions of the world to meet the nutritional requirements of an ever-growing population. However, water scarcity in these areas is limiting vegetable productivity. New water-conserving irrigation management practices are being implemented in these areas. Under these irrigation management practices, crops are frequently exposed to some extent of water stress. Vegetables are highly sensitive to water stress. For the successful implementation of new irrigation practices in vegetable crops, it is of immense importance to determine the threshold water deficit level which will not have a detrimental effect on plant growth and yield. Along with this, plant response and adaptation mechanisms to new irrigation practices need to be understood for the successful implementation of new irrigation practices. To understand this, water stress indicators that are highly responsive to water stress; and that can help in early detection of water stress need to be identified for vegetable crops. Plant-based water stress indicators are quite effective in determining the water stress level in plants because they take into account the cumulative effect of water stress due to declining soil moisture status and increased evaporative demand of the atmosphere while determining the water stress level in plant. Water stress quantification using plant-based approaches involves direct measurements of several aspects of plant water status and indirect measurements of plant processes which are highly sensitive to water deficit. In this article, a number of plant-based water stress indicators were critically reviewed for (1) their efficacy to determine the level of water stress, (2) their potential to predict the yield of a crop as affected by different water-deficit levels and (3) their suitability for irrigation scheduling in vegetable crops.

Single hyperspectral bands are highly sensitive to water stress in adult mandarin trees

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Berríos ◽  
Abdelmalek Temnani ◽  
Susana Zapata ◽  
Manuel Forcén ◽  
Sandra Martínez-Pedreño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Plant Water Status ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Severe Water Stress

<p>Mandarin is one of the most important Citrus cultivated in Spain and the sustainability of the crop is subject to a constant pressure for water resources among the productive sectors and to a high climatic demand conditions and low rainfall (about 250 mm per year). The availability of irrigation water in the Murcia Region is generally close to 3,500 m<sup>3</sup> per ha and year, so it is only possible to satisfy 50 - 60% of the late mandarin ETc, which requires about 5,500 m<sup>3</sup> per ha. For this reason, it is necessary to provide tools to farmers in order to control the water applied in each phenological phase without promoting levels of severe water stress to the crop that negatively affect the sustainability of farms located in semi-arid conditions. Stem water potential (SWP) is a plant water status indicator very sensitive to water deficit, although its measurement is manual, discontinuous and on a small-scale.  In this way, indicators measured on a larger scale are necessary to achieve integrating the water status of the crop throughout the farm. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity to water deficit of different hyperspectral single bands (HSB) and their relationship with the midday SWP in mandarin trees submitted to severe water stress in different phenological phases. Four different irrigation treatments were assessed: i) a control (CTL), irrigated at 100% of the ETc throughout the growing season to satisfy plant water requirements and three water stress treatments that were irrigated at 60% of ETc throughout the season – corresponding to the real irrigation water availability – except  during: ii) the end of phase I and beginning of phase II (IS IIa), iii) the first half of phase II (IS IIb) and iv) phase III of fruit growth (IS III), which irrigation was withheld until values of -1.8 MPa of SWP or a water stress integral of 60 MPa day<sup>-1</sup>. When these threshold values were reached, the spectral reflectance values were measured between 350 and 2500 nm using a leaf level spectroradiometer to 20 mature and sunny leaves on 4 trees per treatment. Twenty-four HVI and HSB were calculated and a linear correlation was made between each of them with SWP, where the ρ940 and ρ1250 nm single bands reflectance presented r-Pearson values of -0.78** and -0.83***, respectively. Two linear regression curves fitting were made: SWP (MPa) = -11.05 ∙ ρ940 + 7.8014 (R<sup>2</sup> =0.61) and SWP (MPa) = -13.043 ∙ ρ1250 + 8.9757 (R<sup>2</sup> =0.69). These relationships were obtained with three different fruit diameters (35, 50 and 65 mm) and in a range between -0.7 and -1.6 MPa of SWP. Results obtained show the possibility of using these single bands in the detection of water stress in adult mandarin trees, and thus propose a sustainable and efficient irrigation scheduling by means of unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with sensors to carry out an automated control of the plant water status and with a suitable temporal and spatial scale to apply precision irrigation.</p>

Assessing the economic benefits of improved irrigation management: a case study in Bangladesh

Water Policy ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 573-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nepal C. Dey ◽  
Sujit K. Bala ◽  
Seiji Hayakawa
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Present System ◽  
Supplementary Irrigation ◽  
The Government

This paper explains the economic benefits that the country can achieve if improved irrigation management is followed in Bangladesh. The present study has been carried out using data from different studies by different organizations on the existing status of irrigation management practices in Bangladesh. As a result, defects were detected in the system, which are possible to eliminate through taking up various effective measures. A quantitative assessment has been done based on savings to be acquired as a result of eliminations of the defects. An additional amount of US$140 million may be saved from improved irrigation and water management practices, US$543 million from elimination of the present system loss of water and US$155 million by providing supplementary irrigation in the Aman (summer) season. An amount of US$108 million may be saved by enhancing mechanical efficiency of the diesel driven irrigation equipment through proper operation and in time repair and maintenance, US$362 million through proper conservation of water in khal (local drainage channel), beel (small water bodies), haor (comparatively larger water bodies) and pond and US$38 million by controlling unplanned installation of irrigation equipment. The Government of Bangladesh is to spend only an amount of about US$1.74 million for successful implementation of proper irrigation and other management activities, when in total an amount of about US$1,344.26 million may be thus saved and added annually in the economy of Bangladesh. The amount thus saved is about one-fifth of the total Bangladesh Budget for the Fiscal Year of 2002/03 (US$7,570 million) and about one-sixth of the total Bangladesh Budget for the Fiscal Year of 2003/04 (US$8,962 million).

scholarly journals Evaluation of Soil Water Content Measurements with Capacitance Probes to Support Irrigation Scheduling in a “Red Beaut” Japanese Plum Orchard

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1757
Author(s):  
Sandra Millán ◽  
Carlos Campillo ◽  
Antonio Vivas ◽  
María José Moñino ◽  
Maria Henar Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Japanese Plum

Advances in electromagnetic sensor technologies in recent years have made automated irrigation scheduling a reality through the use of state-of-the-art soil moisture sensing devices. However, correct sensor positioning and interpretation of the measurements are key to the successful implementation of these management systems. The aim of this study is to establish guidelines for soil moisture sensor placement to support irrigation scheduling, taking into account the physiological response of the plant. The experimental work was carried out in Vegas Bajas del Guadiana (Extremadura, Spain) on a drip-irrigated experimental orchard of the early-maturing Japanese plum cultivar “Red Beaut”. Two irrigation treatments were established: control and drying. The control treatment was scheduled to cover crop water needs. In the drying treatment, the fruit trees were irrigated as in control, except in certain periods (preharvest and postharvest) in which irrigation was suspended (drying cycles). Over 3 years (2015–2017), a series of plant parameters were analyzed in relation to the measurements provided by a battery of frequency domain reflectometry probes installed in different positions with respect to tree and dripper: midday stem water potential (Ψstem), sap flow, leaf stomatal conductance, net leaf photosynthesis and daily fraction of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation. After making a comparison of these measurements as indicators of plant water status, Ψstem was found to be the physiological parameter that detected water stress earliest. The drying cycles were very useful to select the probe positions that provided the best information for irrigation management and to establish a threshold in the different phases of the crop below which detrimental effects could be caused to the crop. With respect to the probes located closest to the drippers, a drop in the relative soil water content (RSWC) below 0.2 would not be advisable for “non-stress” scheduling in the preharvest period. When no deficit irrigation strategies are applied in the postharvest period, the criteria are similar to those of preharvest. However, the probes located between the dripper at 0.15 and 0.30 m depth provide information on moderate water stress if the RSWC values falls below 0.2. The severe tree water stress was detected below 0.1 RSWC in probes located at 60 cm depth from this same position.

scholarly journals (215) From Recommendation to Implementation: Involving Vegetable Growers in Best Management Practices

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1072D-1073
Author(s):  
Eric Simonne ◽  
David Studstill ◽  
Robert Hochmuth ◽  
Justin Jones ◽  
Cynthia Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Adoption Process ◽  
Vegetable Crops

The Federal Clear Water Act and Florida legislation have mandated the clean-up of impaired water bodies. The BMP manual for vegetable crops lists the cultural practices that could maintain productivity while minimizing environmental impact. BMPs focus on increased fertilizer and irrigation efficiency, but growers must be involved in the demonstration and adoption process if this voluntary program is to be successful. Three commercial vegetable fields from farms recognized as leaders in fertilizer and irrigation management were selected to demonstrate how irrigation and fertilizer management are linked together and how management may prevent water movement below the root zone of melons grown with plasticulture. In Spring 2004, dye (Brilliant blue FCF) was injected into the irrigation water three times during the growing season and soil profiles were dug to determine the depth of dye movement. Similar results were found at all three locations as the dye moved below at an average rate of 1.9 to 3.6 cm per day. Water movement was greater early in the season as irrigation was applied for transplant establishment. These results suggest that some leaching is likely to occur on light-textured soils, even when sophisticated irrigation and fertilization practices are followed. Based on these observations, cooperators spontaneously proposed to use two drip tapes, reduce preplant fertilizer, use a 100% injected N/K program, and/or add organic matter to the soil as attempts to slow water movement below the root zone of their crops. This project shows that growers are more likely to try and adopt sustainable practices when they actively participate in the educational process than when production changes are mandated through legislation.

Sensitivity and variability of soil and plant water stress indicators in response to withholding and resuming irrigation cycles in sweet cherry trees 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro José Blaya-Ros ◽  
Víctor Blanco ◽  
Roque Torres-Sánchez ◽  
Rafael Domingo
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Plant Water Status ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Crop Water Stress Index ◽  
Stress Indicators ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Stress Indicator ◽  
Cherry Trees

<p>Reduced water availability is the main limiting factor for crop production in semi-arid and arid regions. For this reason, irrigation water management needs to be based on reliable information and data that are rapidly and easily acquired. The aim of the present study was to assess the sensitivity and variability of several soil and plant water status indicators in response to two cycles of withholding and resuming irrigation in sweet cherry trees. The experiment was carried out during the summers of 2018 and 2019 in an experimental orchard of sweet cherry trees [<em>Prunus avium</em> (L.) ‘Lapins’] in SE Spain. Three irrigation treatments were studied: control, CTL, irrigated to ensure non-limiting soil water conditions (115% ETc) and two water stress treatments, medium water stress, MS, and severe water stress, SS. The threshold values of midday stem water potential (Ψ<sub>stem</sub>) proposed to the first and second drought period for MS trees were -1.3 and -1.7 MPa and for SS trees were -1.6 and -2.5 MPa. After every irrigation withholding period, MS and SS trees were fully irrigated until reaching Y<sub>stem</sub> values of CTL trees. The experimental design was a completely randomized block design with three blocks per treatment. Soil and plant water status were assessed by measuring the soil volumetric water content (θv), the Ψ<sub>stem</sub>, the daily trunk growth rate (TGR), the maximum daily trunk shrinkage (MDS), the temperature of the canopy (Tc), the difference between Tc and air temperature (ΔT) and the crop water stress index (CWSI). The signal intensity (SI), the coefficient of variation (CV) and the sensitivity (S = SI/CV) of θv, Ψ<sub>stem</sub>, MDS and Tc were determined.</p><p>θv at 25 cm dropped significantly during the drought periods. Ψ<sub>stem</sub> of MS and SS trees reached minimum values close to those thresholds proposed both years of study. MDS and TGR had a rapid response to the irrigation regimen applied. Tc, ΔT and CWSI increased as an effect of the stomatal closure. Ψ<sub>stem</sub> and Tc were the water stress indicators with the highest sensitivity. MDS showed SI values greater than that of Ψ<sub>stem</sub> and Tc, although it also had greater variability (CV<sub>MDS</sub> ≈ 29%). Ψ<sub>stem</sub> showed high SI values and low CV both study years. When the linear relationships between Ψ<sub>stem</sub> and the other plant water status indicators were calculated, it was observed that the Pearson correlation coefficients exceeded 0.75 in all cases, except for TGR. The relationship obtained between MDS and Ψ<sub>stem</sub> was linear from −0.5 MPa to a threshold value of around −1.3 MPa, from that value onwards, Ψ<sub>stem</sub> decreases were not related to MDS values. In contrast, ΔT and CWSI were always linearly related to Ψ<sub>stem</sub>. These results suggest that: i) MDS could be used as a water stress indicator up to moderate water deficit; ii) Ψ<sub>stem</sub> is a sensitive water stress indicator with low variability; and iii) the thermal indicators (Tc, ΔT and CWSI) can rapidly and easily assess sweet cherry tree water status.</p><p>This study was funded by the Spanish Economy and Competitiveness Ministry (AGL2013-49047-C2-1-R; AGL2016-77282-C33-R).</p>

Adaptation to climate change induced water stress in major glacierized mountain regions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anubha Aggarwal ◽  
Holger Frey ◽  
Graham McDowell ◽  
Fabian Drenkhan ◽  
Marcus Nuesser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Mountain Regions ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
The World ◽  
Irrigation Practices

<p>Mountains are a critical source of water and home to a large proportion of the world’s population. Cryospheric and hydrological changes combined with increasing water demand are impacting water availability, livelihoods and cultural values, threatening long-term water security of downstream populations. Here, we present a global systematic review in which 83 peer-reviewed articles were critically evaluated to unravel and assess different types of adaptation measures that have been undertaken to manage water stress. We observe that changes in glacier extent and snowfall amount are the main cryospheric changes motivating adaptations. However, changes in precipitation patterns, such as increasing extremes or alterations of the rain-snow line, which lead to both increasing water stress and seasonal flooding or glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs), and are also observed to be important motivators of adaptive actions. The main sectors affected by hydrological and cryospheric changes are agriculture, tourism, hydropower generation and health and safety. To reduce risks of water scarcity and water-related disasters, and to enhance the resilience of human and natural systems, a broad set of adaptation measures have been implemented in the world’s mountain regions. Such adaptations include crop diversification, new irrigation practices, dams and water storage infrastructure, training programs and the establishment of Early Warning Systems, artificial snow making, shifts to non-snow-based tourism, and changes to cultural practices. We find that globally the most commonly used adaptation practices correspond to the improvement of water storage infrastructure, agricultural and irrigation practices, economic diversification and water governance and laws. However, our systematic review reveals these and other adaptation actions have strong regional variation. For example, adaptation in the agricultural sector is most prevalent in Africa, Asia and South America; while in Europe, Australia and New Zealand responses in the tourism sector are more common. Socio-ecological trade-offs associated with adaptations are often reported. For example, the promotion of snow-making reduces socio-economic vulnerability but adds pressure on water resources and environment.</p><p>However, successful implementation of adaptation measures are limited by a diverse set of factors. This includes reduced capacities and resources in infrastructure maintenance, mismanagement, conflicts and mistrust in government together with lack of funding and insufficient collaboration between stakeholders as well as delayed implementation of laws and mountain development programs. Moreover, extreme events and climate change impacts together with discontinuities and errors in climate data need to be considered. In order to address or overcome these limitations, it is important to raise awareness of local communities about climate change and to demonstrate the positive effects of adaptation measures and environmental laws; increase funding for mountain programs and motivate combined activities of governments and stakeholders to build their trust on each other.</p>

Plant Water Relations, Irrigation Management and Crop Yield

1965 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph A. Fischer ◽  
Robert M. Hagan
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Plant Water Relations ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Water Usage

SummaryResponses of crop yield to water stress are classified on the basis of physiological considerations. Crop growth is sensitive to water stress, particularly because of the physiological effects of stress on the production and maintenance of photosynthetic tissue. Crop yield, depending on the nature of the harvested organ and the origin of its constituents, may be more or less sensitive to water stress than crop growth. In applying this information to irrigation management, there is a need for simple quantitative measures of plant water status. The problem of avoiding water stress during critical ontogenetic stages and, conversely, the possibility of using moderate water stress at certain times to improve yield and the efficiency of water usage, are discussed.

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