scholarly journals The Effects of Ambient Illumination, Color Combination, Sign Height, and Observation Angle on the Legibility of Wayfinding Signs in Metro Stations

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 4133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuqi Shi ◽  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
Chaoyang Li ◽  
Shengqiang Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Service Level ◽  
Observation Angle ◽  
Ambient Illumination ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Color Combination ◽  
Black Background ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Color Combinations ◽  
White Target ◽  
Chromatic Color

Well-designed wayfinding signs play an important role in improving the service level of metro stations, ensuring the safety of passengers in evacuation, and promoting the sustainable development of public transport. This study explored the effects of ambient illumination, color combination, sign height, and observation angle on wayfinding signs’ legibility in metro stations. In the experiment, simulated metro-wayfinding signs were made to test legibility. As designed, the legibility was measured based on the following independent variables: two levels of ambient illumination (70 lux and 273 lux), two target/background color combinations (achromatic-white target on black background, chromatic-yellow target on black background), two sign heights (1.5 m and 2 m), and three observation angles (0°, 45°, 70°). The results showed that brighter ambient illumination provided passengers with higher legibility. Achromatic color combination was more legible than chromatic color combination, but not significantly. Different types of signs, set at different height, did not directly affect legibility. Observation angle had significant effects on legibility. Visibility catchment area of wayfinding signs was like an ellipse, with its short axis nearly equal to the legibility distance of the sign at 0 degrees. The findings will facilitate the layout and setting location of wayfinding signs in metro stations and improve the level of wayfinding service.

Effects of Display Characteristics and Individual Differences on Preferences of VDT Icon Design

2005 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kong-King Shieh ◽  
Ya-Hsien Ko
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Simultaneous Presentation ◽  
Background Color ◽  
Color Combination ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Single Presentation ◽  
Color Combinations ◽  
Chromatic Color ◽  
Icon Design

This study explored the effects of display characteristics such as target/background color combination, single/simultaneous presentation, and individual differences by sex, and design specialty on preferences of VDT icon design. The results indicated black targets (black-on-white, black-on-yellow) and black backgrounds (red-on-black, yellow-on-black) were the most popular and white targets (white-on-red, white-on-black) and white backgrounds (blue-on-white, red-on-white) were the second most popular. As for the chromatic color combinations, yellow-on-blue was the most favored. Subjects rated color combinations under single presentation higher than those under simultaneous presentation. Women rated purplish targets and rated purplish and blue backgrounds higher than men. Subjects with design background favored black more either as a target or background, but they favored turquoise less than those without design background.

Resource Allocation Policies in Cloud Computing Environment

2017 ◽  
pp. 115-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suvendu Chandan Nayak ◽  
Sasmita Parida ◽  
Chitaranjan Tripathy ◽  
Prasant Kumar Pattnaik
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Resource Utilization ◽  
Service Level Agreement ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Computing Environment ◽  
Cloud Computing Environment ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cloud Datacenter

The basic concept of cloud computing is based on “Pay per Use”. The user can use the remote resources on demand for computing on payment basis. The on-demand resources of the user are provided according to a Service Level Agreement (SLA). In real time, the tasks are associated with a time constraint for which they are called deadline based tasks. The huge number of deadline based task coming to a cloud datacenter should be scheduled. The scheduling of this task with an efficient algorithm provides better resource utilization without violating SLA. In this chapter, we discussed the backfilling algorithm and its different types. Moreover, the backfilling algorithm was proposed for scheduling tasks in parallel. Whenever the application environment is changed the performance of the backfilling algorithm is changed. The chapter aims implementation of different types of backfilling algorithms. Finally, the reader can be able to get some idea about the different backfilling scheduling algorithms that are used for scheduling deadline based task in cloud computing environment at the end.

Effects of Character/Background Color Combinations on CRT Character Legibility

1985 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 779-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. McTyre ◽  
W. David Frommer
Keyword(s):  
Background Color ◽  
Color Combination ◽  
Software Designers ◽  
Color Combinations

Color is frequently used to enhance computer displays. However, observations indicate that software designers may not always use color to advantage. This study indicates that legibility can be significantly reduced with inappropriate character/background color combination implementation. It also presents a technique for determining character legibility when color is used.

scholarly journals Development of Standards for Production of an Exit Sign Lighting to Minimize Human Reaction Time - Part II: Combination of Graphical Symbol Colours

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
Ryun-Seok Oh ◽  
Jun-Ho Choi
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
White Background ◽  
Color Combination ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Human Reaction ◽  
Light Region ◽  
Graphic Symbol ◽  
Time Part ◽  
Color Combinations ◽  
Human Reaction Time

In emergency situations, exit sign lightings play a role in reducing evacuation time for occupants by providing accurate and prompt information on the correct evacuation direction. In other words, it can be said that the better the recognition of exit sign lighting, the greater the probability of securing the safety of life because the evacuation route information is given to the occupants and eventually the time taken for route selection and movement is shortened. In this study, human reaction time was measured for 27 kinds of graphic symbol color combinations of exit sign lightings in the visible light region, and through this, a graphic symbol color combination that can minimize reaction time to exit sign lightings was derived. As a result, it was found that the color combination of green and white background color, which is currently mainly used in Korea, has the shortest reaction time.

scholarly journals Rice Mapping Using a BiLSTM-Attention Model from Multitemporal Sentinel-1 Data

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 977
Author(s):  
Chunling Sun ◽  
Hong Zhang ◽  
Lu Xu ◽  
Chao Wang ◽  
Liutong Li
Keyword(s):  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Weather Condition ◽  
Temporal Characteristic ◽  
Test Dataset ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Attention Model ◽  
Rice Distribution ◽  
Global Land Cover ◽  
Characteristic Map ◽  
Different Types

Timely and accurate rice distribution information is needed to ensure the sustainable development of food production and food security. With its unique advantages, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can monitor the rice distribution in tropical and subtropical areas under any type of weather condition. This study proposes an accurate rice extraction and mapping framework that can solve the issues of low sample production efficiency and fragmented rice plots when prior information on rice distribution is insufficient. The experiment was carried out using multitemporal Sentinel-1A Data in Zhanjiang, China. First, the temporal characteristic map was used for the visualization of rice distribution to improve the efficiency of rice sample production. Second, rice classification was carried out based on the BiLSTM-Attention model, which focuses on learning the key information of rice and non-rice in the backscattering coefficient curve and gives different types of attention to rice and non-rice features. Finally, the rice classification results were optimized based on the high-precision global land cover classification map. The experimental results showed that the classification accuracy of the proposed framework on the test dataset was 0.9351, the kappa coefficient was 0.8703, and the extracted plots maintained good integrity. Compared with the statistical data, the consistency reached 94.6%. Therefore, the framework proposed in this study can be used to extract rice distribution information accurately and efficiently.

scholarly journals Optimal Generation Scheduling with Dynamic Profiles for the Sustainable Development of Electricity Grids

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 7111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Roldán-Blay ◽  
Vladimiro Miranda ◽  
Leonel Carvalho ◽  
Carlos Roldán-Porta
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Generation Scheduling ◽  
Supply Problem ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Electricity Grids ◽  
Accelerate Convergence ◽  
Effective Integration ◽  
High Computational Cost

The integration of renewable generation in electricity networks is one of the most widespread strategies to improve sustainability and to deal with the energy supply problem. Typically, the reinforcement of the generation fleet of an existing network requires the assessment and minimization of the installation and operating costs of all the energy resources in the network. Such analyses are usually conducted using peak demand and generation data. This paper proposes a method to optimize the location and size of different types of generation resources in a network, taking into account the typical evolution of demand and generation. The importance of considering this evolution is analyzed and the methodology is applied to two standard networks, namely the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 30-bus and the IEEE 118-bus. The proposed algorithm is based on the use of particle swarm optimization (PSO). In addition, the use of an initialization process based on the cross entropy (CE) method to accelerate convergence in problems of high computational cost is explored. The results of the case studies highlight the importance of considering dynamic demand and generation profiles to reach an effective integration of renewable resources (RRs) towards a sustainable development of electric systems.

scholarly journals Integrating Basic Urban Services for Better Sanitation Outcomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6706
Author(s):  
Rebecca Scott ◽  
Pippa Scott ◽  
Peter Hawkins ◽  
Isabel Blackett ◽  
Andrew Cotton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Service Level ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Urban Services ◽  
Drainage Networks ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Development Outcomes

Rapid urbanization in developing countries demands better integration of planning and delivery of basic services if cities are to be sustainable, healthy and safe. Sanitation improvements are commonly overlooked as investments go towards more visible services such as water supplies and drainage networks. The Sustainable Development Goal for sanitation and hygiene currently remains severely off-track. This paper presents the findings of a Delphi method survey to identify expert consensus on both why and how to integrate sanitation, by which we mean both sewered and non-sewered sanitation services, into other basic urban services (including water supply, drainage, energy and roads) to achieve better sanitation and broader development outcomes, notably for poor citizens. Consensus on why integration is important highlights the physical interdependence of services, where neglect of one service can compromise gains from another investment or service. Consensus on how includes actions to address political priorities and leadership; governance and capacity constraints; clearer planning, procurement and financing mechanisms; and adopting incremental approaches matched to wider urban strategies. It was suggested that achieving these actions would improve accountability, monitoring and service level audits. Experience from previous integrated urban programmes should be incorporated into formulating new sanitation service agreements across all service types. Supported by better-informed dialogue and decision-making between those responsible for urban sanitation and for associated basic services, we suggest integrated and incremental approaches will enable more sustainable urban services planning to achieve ‘quality of life’ outcomes for poor urban residents.

What Gives Life to Large System Change?

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Waddock ◽  
Petra Kuenkel
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Change Agents ◽  
System Change ◽  
Large System ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Core Set ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Development Goals

This article argues that the capacity to create the large system change needed to deal with “grand challenges” like the Sustainable Development Goals, sustainability, or climate change can be enhanced by understanding and applying a core set of principles, drawn from multiple sources and levels of analysis that have explored the question of “what gives life.” These sources all—albeit in different ways—apply the question, what “gives life” to different types of systems, and how this relates to the (so far as we know) uniquely human capacity for reflection. We identify six principles that “give life” to systems—intentional generativity, permeable containment, emerging novelty, contextual interconnectedness and requisite diversity, mutually enhancing wholeness, and proprioceptive consciousness—then provide guidance for change agents and scholars, as well as an illustrative example of the principles in action. These six principles provide a foundation for thinking about how to create flourishing human systems in organizations, social change, and global sustainability transformation.

Types of Clubs

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clayton Barrows ◽  
Michael Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Average Rate ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Size Number ◽  
Primary Activity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Tax Status ◽  
Activity Location ◽  
Do So ◽  
The Way

Clubs come in so many different types and forms, that it becomes necessary to classify them, much the way we do with hotels. Hotels may be classified by size (number of guest rooms), service level (economy to luxury), price (based on average rate), location, etc. Clubs are classified in a slightly different way. When we discuss the types of clubs that exist, we can do so in six different ways: 1 By primary activity/location 2 By clientele 3 Equity/nonequity 4 Size (by number of members, gross volume, or initiation fee) 5 By ownership 6 Tax status

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