scholarly journals A Secured Privacy-Preserving Multi-Level Blockchain Framework for Cluster Based VANET

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 400
Author(s):  
A. F. M. Suaib Akhter ◽  
Mohiuddin Ahmed ◽  
A. F. M. Shahen Shah ◽  
Adnan Anwar ◽  
Ahmet Zengin
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Virtual Machines ◽  
Cluster Formation ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Privacy Preserving ◽  
Mac Protocols ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Control Packet ◽  
Authentication Mechanism ◽  
Multi Level

Existing research shows that Cluster-based Medium Access Control (CB-MAC) protocols perform well in controlling and managing Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET), but requires ensuring improved security and privacy preserving authentication mechanism. To this end, we propose a multi-level blockchain-based privacy-preserving authentication protocol. The paper thoroughly explains the formation of the authentication centers, vehicles registration, and key generation processes. In the proposed architecture, a global authentication center (GAC) is responsible for storing all vehicle information, while Local Authentication Center (LAC) maintains a blockchain to enable quick handover between internal clusters of vehicle. We also propose a modified control packet format of IEEE 802.11 standards to remove the shortcomings of the traditional MAC protocols. Moreover, cluster formation, membership and cluster-head selection, and merging and leaving processes are implemented while considering the safety and non-safety message transmission to increase the performance. All blockchain communication is performed using high speed 5G internet while encrypted information is transmitted while using the RSA-1024 digital signature algorithm for improved security, integrity, and confidentiality. Our proof-of-concept implements the authentication schema while considering multiple virtual machines. With detailed experiments, we show that the proposed method is more efficient in terms of time and storage when compared to the existing methods. Besides, numerical analysis shows that the proposed transmission protocols outperform traditional MAC and benchmark methods in terms of throughput, delay, and packet dropping rate.

scholarly journals A Blockchain-Based Efficient, Secure and Anonymous Conditional Privacy-Preserving and Authentication Scheme for the Internet of Vehicles

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 476
Author(s):  
Kashif Naseer Qureshi ◽  
Luqman Shahzad ◽  
Abdelzahir Abdelmaboud ◽  
Taiseer Abdalla Elfadil Eisa ◽  
Bandar Alamri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Privacy Preserving ◽  
Consensus Algorithm ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Malicious Nodes ◽  
Internet Of Vehicles ◽  
Smart Vehicles ◽  
Authentication Mechanism

The rapid advancement in the area of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has provided numerous comforts to users due to its capability to support vehicles with wireless data communication. The exchange of information among vehicle nodes is critical due to the rapid and changing topologies, high mobility of nodes, and unpredictable network conditions. Finding a single trusted entity to store and distribute messages among vehicle nodes is also a challenging task. IoV is exposed to various security and privacy threats such as hijacking and unauthorized location tracking of smart vehicles. Traceability is an increasingly important aspect of vehicular communication to detect and penalize malicious nodes. Moreover, achieving both privacy and traceability can also be a challenging task. To address these challenges, this paper presents a blockchain-based efficient, secure, and anonymous conditional privacy-preserving and authentication mechanism for IoV networks. This solution is based on blockchain to allow vehicle nodes with mechanisms to become anonymous and take control of their data during the data communication and voting process. The proposed secure scheme provides conditional privacy to the users and the vehicles. To ensure anonymity, traceability, and unlinkability of data sharing among vehicles, we utilize Hyperledger Fabric to establish the blockchain. The proposed scheme fulfills the requirement to analyze different algorithms and schemes which are adopted for blockchain technology for a decentralized, secure, efficient, private, and traceable system. The proposed scheme examines and evaluates different consensus algorithms used in the blockchain and anonymization techniques to preserve privacy. This study also proposes a reputation-based voting system for Hyperledger Fabric to ensure a secure and reliable leader selection process in its consensus algorithm. The proposed scheme is evaluated with the existing state-of-the-art schemes and achieves better results.

scholarly journals RCVC: RSU-Aided Cluster-Based Vehicular Clouds Architecture for Urban Areas

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 193
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ben bezziane ◽  
Ahmed Korichi ◽  
Chaker Abdelaziz Kerrache ◽  
Mohamed el Amine Fekair
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Service Discovery ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Experimental Comparison ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Side Unit ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End ◽  
On The Road

As a promising topic of research, Vehicular Cloud (VC) incorporates cloud computing and ad-hoc vehicular network (VANET). In VC, supplier vehicles provide their services to consumer vehicles in real-time. These services have a significant impact on the applications of internet access, storage and data. Due to the high-speed mobility of vehicles, users in consumer vehicles need a mechanism to discover services in their vicinity. Besides this, quality of service varies from one supplier vehicle to another; thus, consumer vehicles attempt to pick out the most appropriate services. In this paper, we propose a novel protocol named RSU-aided Cluster-based Vehicular Clouds protocol (RCVC), which constructs the VC using the Road Side Unit (RSU) directory and Cluster Head (CH) directory to make the resources of supplier vehicles more visible. While clusters of vehicles that move on the same road form a mobile cloud, the remaining vehicles form a different cloud on the road side unit. Furthermore, the consumption operation is achieved via the service selection method, which is managed by the CHs and RSUs based on a mathematical model to select the best services. Simulation results prove the effectiveness of our protocol in terms of service discovery and end-to-end delay, where we achieved service discovery and end-to-end delay of 3 × 10−3 s and 13 × 10−2 s, respectively. Moreover, we carried out an experimental comparison, revealing that the proposed method outperformed several states of the art protocols.

Aluminum Reflow Sputtering

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 53-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuniko Kikuta
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Device Fabrication ◽  
Damascene Process ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Poor Adhesion ◽  
Lower Resistivity

The scaling of integrated-circuit device dimensions in the horizontal direction has caused an increase in aspect ratios of contact holes and vias without a corresponding scaledown in vertical dimensions. Conventional sputtering has become unreliable for handling higher aspect-ratio via/contact holes because of its poor step coverage. Several studies have attempted to overcome this problem by using W-CVD and reflow technology. The W-CVD is used for practical device fabrications. However, this technique has several problems such as poor adhesion to SiO2, poor W surface morphology, greater resistivity than Al, and the need of an etch-back process.Al reflow technology using a conventional DC magnetron sputtering system can simplify device-fabrication processes and achieve high reliability without Al/W interfaces. In particular, the Al reflow technology is profitable for multi-level interconnections in combination with a damascene process by using Al chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). These interconnections are necessary for miniaturized and high-speed devices because they provide lower resistivity than W and simplify fabrication processes, resulting in lower cost.This article describes recent Al reflow sputtering technologies as well as application of via and interconnect metallization.

An Improved Cluster Key Management Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

2014 ◽  
Vol 998-999 ◽  
pp. 1092-1095
Author(s):  
Qi Sheng Zhao ◽  
Xiao Ming Liu ◽  
Hui Sheng Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Key Management ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Authentication Mechanism ◽  
Management Algorithm ◽  
Management Scheme ◽  
Dynamic Key Management ◽  
Dynamic Key

The information security of wireless sensor networks is one of hot issues on the current research; this paper combines threshold key scheme with the management of security key sharing and group agreement and proposes dynamic key management scheme through clustering level key matrix of authentication mechanism from the cluster to node. The network is divided into different clusters, and the cluster head conducts the key authentication exchange and updates the key management with threshold key schemes, with no need of third authentication center, reduces the computing and communication costs, and promotes communication.

Nearby Phase Search Algorithm with Reduced Complexity for Higher Order QAM Formats

2013 ◽  
Vol 760-762 ◽  
pp. 1869-1873
Author(s):  
Li Min Xia ◽  
Xian Zhou ◽  
Dong Yan ◽  
Na Na Zhang ◽  
Xiao Yun Wu
Keyword(s):  
Computational Complexity ◽  
Bit Error Rate ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Optical Transmission ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Estimation Algorithm ◽  
Coherent Receivers ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Reduced Complexity ◽  
Laser Line Width

This paper proposes a nearby phase search (NPS) algorithm based on BPS estimation algorithm in optical coherent receivers. And its suitable for arbitrary multi-level modulation. Making use of the continuity of phase change, the proposed NPS algorithm is applied to process nearby symbols by taking the pre-estimation phase of each symbol block as reference point. Compared to the traditional blind phase search (BPS) algorithm and its improved two-stage BPS algorithm, the performance of the proposed NPS algorithm is greatly improved in ultra-high speed coherent optical transmission system. By the simulation, the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed algorithm are demonstrated in 28GBaud 16-QAM and 64-QAM system. Its shown that the computational complexity of the NPS algorithm greatly reduces in the guarantee of laser line width tolerance and bit error rate.

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