scholarly journals Effects of Combined Application of Potassium Silicate and Salicylic Acid on the Defense Response of Hydroponically Grown Tomato Plants to Ralstonia solanacearum Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3750
Author(s):  
Ni-Hao Jiang ◽  
Shi-Han Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Combination Treatment ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Combined Treatments ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Infected Tomato ◽  
Tomato Bacterial Wilt

Bacterial wilt, caused by soilborne pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum, is a serious and widespread disease that affects global tomato production. Both silicon (Si) and salicylic acid (SA) play important roles in enhancing tomato resistance against bacterial wilt, however, their combined effects on the defense responses of infected tomato plants remain unknown. Hence, the combined effects of Si and SA on physiological and biochemical parameters of R. solanacearum-infected tomato plants were investigated. The combination treatment of Si and SA significantly decreased disease incidences, lipoxygenase (LOX) activity and ethylene (ET) production. The combined treatments were more prominent in improving the morphological traits of root systems, such as root length, root surface area, average root diameter and root volume. The activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) and the concentrations of total soluble phenolics (TSPs) and lignin-thioglycolic acid (LTGA) derivatives were significantly increased in the plants with combined treatments. Si in combination with SA could significantly enhance neutral invertase (NI) and acid invertases (AI) activities in the leaves of tomato plants at 3 days post-infection (dpi) compared with application of Si alone. Three defense-related genes, PAL, POD and pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1), were significantly induced in Si+SA treatment at 7 dpi when compared with individual application of Si or SA. The expression level of salicylic acid-binding protein 2 (SABP2) was significantly higher for combination treatment when compared with treatment of Si or SA alone. The possible mechanisms involved in the synergistic effects of Si and SA on the control of tomato bacterial wilt were proposed. This study indicates that under hypertonic conditions, the combined application of 2.0 mM potassium silicate (K2SiO3) and 0.5 mM SA had a synergistic effect on the control of tomato bacterial wilt.

scholarly journals Ralstonia solanacearum Requires PopS, an Ancient AvrE-Family Effector, for Virulence and To Overcome Salicylic Acid-Mediated Defenses during Tomato Pathogenesis

mBio ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Jacobs ◽  
Annett Milling ◽  
Raka M. Mitra ◽  
Clifford S. Hogan ◽  
Florent Ailloud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Plant Defenses ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Type Iii

ABSTRACTDuring bacterial wilt of tomato, the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum upregulates expression ofpopS, which encodes a type III-secreted effector in the AvrE family. PopS is a core effector present in all sequenced strains in theR. solanacearumspecies complex. The phylogeny ofpopSmirrors that of the species complex as a whole, suggesting that this is an ancient, vertically inherited effector needed for association with plants. ApopSmutant ofR. solanacearumUW551 had reduced virulence on agriculturally importantSolanumspp., including potato and tomato plants. However, thepopSmutant had wild-type virulence on a weed host,Solanum dulcamara, suggesting that some species can avoid the effects of PopS. ThepopSmutant was also significantly delayed in colonization of tomato stems compared to the wild type. Some AvrE-type effectors from gammaproteobacteria suppress salicylic acid (SA)-mediated plant defenses, suggesting that PopS, a betaproteobacterial ortholog, has a similar function. Indeed, thepopSmutant induced significantly higher expression of tomato SA-triggered pathogenesis-related (PR) genes than the wild type. Further, pretreatment of roots with SA exacerbated thepopSmutant virulence defect. Finally, thepopSmutant had no colonization defect on SA-deficient NahG transgenic tomato plants. Together, these results indicate that this conserved effector suppresses SA-mediated defenses in tomato roots and stems, which areR. solanacearum’s natural infection sites. Interestingly, PopS did not trigger necrosis when heterologously expressed inNicotianaleaf tissue, unlike the AvrE homolog DspEPccfrom the necrotrophPectobacterium carotovorumsubsp.carotovorum. This is consistent with the differing pathogenesis modes of necrosis-causing gammaproteobacteria and biotrophicR. solanacearum.IMPORTANCEThe type III-secreted AvrE effector family is widely distributed in high-impact plant-pathogenic bacteria and is known to suppress plant defenses for virulence. We characterized the biology of PopS, the only AvrE homolog made by the bacterial wilt pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. To our knowledge, this is the first study ofR. solanacearumeffector function in roots and stems, the natural infection sites of this pathogen. Unlike the functionally redundantR. solanacearumeffectors studied to date, PopS is required for full virulence and wild-type colonization of two natural crop hosts.R. solanacearumis a biotrophic pathogen that causes a nonnecrotic wilt. Consistent with this, PopS suppressed plant defenses but did not elicit cell death, unlike AvrE homologs from necrosis-causing plant pathogens. We propose that AvrE family effectors have functionally diverged to adapt to the necrotic or nonnecrotic lifestyle of their respective pathogens.

Isolation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens JK6 and identification of its lipopeptides surfactin for suppressing tomato bacterial wilt

RSC Advances ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (100) ◽  
pp. 82042-82049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanqin Xiong ◽  
Yongtao Li ◽  
Yanfei Cai ◽  
Yu Cao ◽  
Yan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Tomato Bacterial Wilt

A rhizobacteria strain,B.amyloliquefaciensJK6, isolated from the rhizosphere soil of healthy tomato plants, significantly inhibitedRalstonia solanacearum(RS).

scholarly journals Ralstonia solanacearum Needs Motility for Invasive Virulence on Tomato

2001 ◽  
Vol 183 (12) ◽  
pp. 3597-3605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Tans-Kersten ◽  
Huayu Huang ◽  
Caitilyn Allen
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Soft Agar ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Bacterial Wilt Disease ◽  
Virulence Assay ◽  
Flagellar Filament

ABSTRACT Ralstonia solanacearum, a widely distributed and economically important plant pathogen, invades the roots of diverse plant hosts from the soil and aggressively colonizes the xylem vessels, causing a lethal wilting known as bacterial wilt disease. By examining bacteria from the xylem vessels of infected plants, we found thatR. solanacearum is essentially nonmotile in planta, although it can be highly motile in culture. To determine the role of pathogen motility in this disease, we cloned, characterized, and mutated two genes in the R. solanacearum flagellar biosynthetic pathway. The genes for flagellin, the subunit of the flagellar filament (fliC), and for the flagellar motor switch protein (fliM) were isolated based on their resemblance to these proteins in other bacteria. As is typical for flagellins, the predicted FliC protein had well-conserved N- and C-terminal regions, separated by a divergent central domain. The predicted R. solanacearum FliM closely resembled motor switch proteins from other proteobacteria. Chromosomal mutants lackingfliC or fliM were created by replacing the genes with marked interrupted constructs. Since fliM is embedded in the fliLMNOPQR operon, the aphAcassette was used to make a nonpolar fliM mutation. Both mutants were completely nonmotile on soft agar plates, in minimal broth, and in tomato plants. The fliC mutant lacked flagella altogether; moreover, sheared-cell protein preparations from the fliC mutant lacked a 30-kDa band corresponding to flagellin. The fliM mutant was usually aflagellate, but about 10% of cells had abnormal truncated flagella. In a biologically representative soil-soak inoculation virulence assay, both nonmotile mutants were significantly reduced in the ability to cause disease on tomato plants. However, the fliC mutant had wild-type virulence when it was inoculated directly onto cut tomato petioles, an inoculation method that did not require bacteria to enter the intact host from the soil. These results suggest that swimming motility makes its most important contribution to bacterial wilt virulence in the early stages of host plant invasion and colonization.

Effectiveness of Egyptian propolis on control of tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum

2017 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 467-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamal A. M. Abo-Elyousr ◽  
Mohamed E. A. Seleim ◽  
Rafeek M. El-Sharkawy ◽  
Hadel M. M. Khalil Bagy
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Tomato Bacterial Wilt

scholarly journals Evaluation of biological efficacy of Trichoderma asperellum against tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Narasimhamurthy Konappa ◽  
Soumya Krishnamurthy ◽  
Chandra Nayaka Siddaiah ◽  
Niranjana Siddapura Ramachandrappa ◽  
Srinivas Chowdappa
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Trichoderma Asperellum ◽  
Biological Efficacy ◽  
Tomato Bacterial Wilt

scholarly journals Trehalose induces tomato defenses and increases drought tolerance and bacterial wilt disease resistance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
April M MacIntyre ◽  
Valerian Meline ◽  
Zachary Gorman ◽  
Steven P Augustine ◽  
Carolyn J Dye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Bacterial Wilt Disease ◽  
Infected Tomato ◽  
Use Efficiency

Ralstonia solanacearum causes plant bacterial wilt disease, leading to severe crop losses. Xylem sap from R. solanacearum-infected tomato is enriched in host produced trehalose. Water stressed plants accumulate the disaccharide trehalose, which increases drought tolerance via abscisic acid (ABA) signaling networks. Because infected plants have reduced water flow, we hypothesized that bacterial wilt physiologically mimics drought stress, which trehalose could mitigate. Transcriptomic responses of susceptible vs. resistant tomato plants to R. solanacearum infection revealed differential expression of drought-associated genes, including those involved in ABA and trehalose metabolism. ABA was enriched in xylem sap from R. solanacearum-infected plants. Treating roots with ABA lowered stomatal conductance and reduced R. solanacearum stem colonization. Treating roots with trehalose increased ABA in xylem sap and reduced plant water use by reducing stomatal conductance and temporarily improving water use efficiency. Further, trehalose-treated plants were more resistant to bacterial wilt disease. Trehalose treatment also upregulated expression of salicylic acid (SA)-dependent defense genes, increased xylem sap levels of SA and other antimicrobial compounds, and increased wilt resistance of SA-insensitive NahG tomato plants. Additionally, trehalose treatment increased xylem concentrations of jasmonic acid and related oxylipins. Together, these data show that exogenous trehalose reduced both water stress and bacterial wilt disease and triggered systemic resistance. This suite of responses revealed unexpected linkages between plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress and suggests that that R. solanacearum-infected tomato plants produce more trehalose to improve water use efficiency and increase wilt disease resistance. In turn, R. solanacearum degrades trehalose as a counter-defense.

scholarly journals Selection and Inheritance of Tomato Resistance against Ralstonia solanacearum

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Isna Maulida ◽  
Rudi Hari Murti ◽  
Triwidodo Arwiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Back Cross ◽  
Inheritance Patterns ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Resistant Lines

Ralstonia solanacearum is a plant pathogen causes wilting which is a major obstacle in the cultivation of tomato plants. In plant breeding, knowledge of the source of resistance genes and inheritance patterns is important in the development of bacterial wilt resistant varieties. This study aimed to obtain bacterial wilt resistant lines and to find out the inheritance pattern of tomato resistance to bacterial wilt. Selection of resistant plant involved the selected breeding lines from irradiation and crossing collections of the Genetic Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Introduced lines of H-7996 and F1 Permata and Timoti were used as a control. H-7996 as resistant parents and GM2 as susceptible parents, and their offspring include F1 GM2 x H-7996, F1 reciprocal, F2, Back Cross 1 (F1 x GM2), and Back Cross 2 (F1 x H-7996) used in testing inheritance patterns. Inoculation was carried out 1 week after planting by pouring 100 ml of water suspension of R. solanacarum (108  cfu/ml) on the roots. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used in this experiment. The scoring observation was carried out every week for one month. This study showed that Permata as a control was the most resistant, while Timoti and H-7996 were medium resistant. The CLN, G6, G8, and G7 lines were susceptible medium, yet only G8 and G7 with the smallest percentage of disease intensity and not significantly different than Timoti. The resistance gene to bacterial wilt on H-7996 was controlled by genes in the cell nucleus with additive-dominant gene action. Resistance to bacteria has a moderate level of heritability.

scholarly journals Resistance and Susceptibility of Arabidopsis thaliana to Bacterial Wilt Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Hsien Yang ◽  
Gan-Der Ho
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Infection Site ◽  
Bacterial Isolation ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Growth Of Bacteria

Tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a model system for studying plant-bacterial interactions, because it is genetically one of the best characterized plant diseases. We demonstrate here that four different strains of R. solanacearum, two from radishes (Rd4 and Rd15) and two from tomato (Ps21 and Ps95), can infect 27 different ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana, causing different responses. All ecotypes tested were highly susceptible to strain Rd15, which caused symptoms similar to those observed in tomato plants. For example, leaf drooping and discoloration developed just 3 days after inoculation, and plants completely wilted within 1 week. Strains Rd4 and Ps95 were less infectious than Rd15. With these two strains, a variety of disease responses were observed among different ecotypes at 2 weeks after inoculation; both susceptible and resistant ecotypes of A. thaliana were identified. Ps21 was the least infectious of the four strains and caused almost no symptoms in any of the ecotypes of Arabidopsis tested. Direct bacterial isolation and plant skeleton hybridization analysis from infected plants indicated that bacterial colonization was correlated with the severity of symptoms. Growth of bacteria was limited to the infection site in resistant plants, whereas the bacteria spread throughout susceptible plants by 1 week after inoculation.

Distribution and incidence of tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum in the central region of Togo

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bitang Bamazi ◽  
Agnassim Banito ◽  
K. D. Ayisah ◽  
Rachidatou Sikirou ◽  
Mathews Paret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Laboratory Investigation ◽  
Central Region ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Tomato Bacterial Wilt

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important vegetables in Togo. Unfortunately, tomatoes are susceptible to many diseases, among which bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum causes major yield losses. In this study, incidence of bacterial wilt and its distribution was evaluated in the central region of Togo, the major tomato producing area in the country. Overall, 16 localities were surveyed in four prefectures. In each locality, three fields were visited, and the incidence of the disease was recorded, and diseased samples were collected for laboratory investigation. The results showed that bacterial wilt occurred in all the fields visited, indicating a field incidence of 100%, whereas the plant incidence ranged from 10.00±00% to 43.33±3.33%, with an average of 20.94±1.77%. The antibody based Immunostrip test was positive for R. solanacearum in 100% of the visited fields. From 144 samples collected from fields, 45 R. solanacearum isolates were isolated on Modified SMSA media. This survey results show that tomato bacterial wilt is a real threat to tomato production in the central region of Togo.

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