scholarly journals Comparison of the Bearing Capacity of Pavement Structures with Unbound and Cold Central-Plant Recycled Base Courses Based on FWD Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6310
Author(s):  
Audrius Vaitkus ◽  
Judita Gražulytė ◽  
Igoris Kravcovas ◽  
Rafal Mickevič
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Pavement Performance ◽  
Aggregate Gradation ◽  
Central Plant ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Pavement Structure ◽  
Pavement Structures ◽  
Base Course

Bearing capacity changes over the year, depending on the water content in a pavement structure: the higher the water content, the lower the bearing capacity. As expected, the highest water content in a pavement structure is observed in the early spring as the ice lenses melt. Thus, spring is a critical period for pavement performance, because a decrease in bearing capacity results in faster pavement deterioration. The bearing capacity of pavement structures with an unbound base course and the negative effect of spring thawing on pavement performance have been analyzed by a considerable number of researchers. However, very little is known about the bearing capacity of pavement structures with a cold-recycled base course despite the significantly increasing usage of cold-recycled mixtures. This paper focuses on the bearing capacity of both unbound and cold central-plant recycled base courses at different seasons and their stability. A cold central-plant recycled (CCPR) base course was constructed from a mixture of 38.8% reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), 3.1% foamed bitumen and 2.3% cement. A virgin aggregate was added to achieve desirable aggregate gradation. The bearing capacity of the unbound and CCPR base layers, as well as the whole pavement structure, was evaluated by back-calculated E moduli from falling weight deflectometer (FWD) data. In addition to this, the residual pavement life was calculated using mechanistic-empirical pavement design principles. The results showed that the durability of pavement structures with a CCPR base course is more than seven times lower compared to that of pavement structures with an unbound base course, irrespective of season. Nevertheless, the bearing capacity (surface modulus E0) of the pavement structure with a CCPR base course gradually increases due to the curing processes of bituminous and hydraulic binders (in this study, within four years of operation, it increased by 28–47%, depending on the side of the road).

scholarly journals Long-Term Performance of Pavement Structures with Cold In-Place Recycled Base Course

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-65
Author(s):  
Audrius Vaitkus ◽  
Judita Gražulytė ◽  
Andrius Baltrušaitis ◽  
Jurgita Židanavičiūtė ◽  
Donatas Čygas
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Pavement ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Asphalt Pavements ◽  
Recycled Asphalt ◽  
Binding Agents ◽  
Pavement Structure ◽  
Pavement Structures ◽  
Base Course ◽  
Surface Distress ◽  
Foamed Bitumen

Properly designed and maintained asphalt pavements operate for ten to twenty-five years and have to be rehabilitated after that period. Cold in-place recycling has priority over all other rehabilitation methods since it is done without preheating and transportation of reclaimed asphalt pavement. Multiple researches on the performance of cold recycled mixtures have been done; however, it is unclear how the entire pavement structure (cold recycled asphalt pavement overlaid with asphalt mixture) performs depending on binding agents. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of cold in-place recycled asphalt pavements considering binding agents (foamed bitumen in combination with cement or only cement) and figure out which binder leads to the best pavement performance. Three road sections rehabilitated in 2000, 2003, and 2005 were analysed. The performance of the entire pavement structure was evaluated in terms of the International Roughness Index, rut depth, and pavement surface distress in 2013 and 2017.

scholarly journals The Influence of Bonding between Layers on Pavement Performance, a Case Study of Malaysian Road

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 09002
Author(s):  
Nur Hamizah Zulkifili ◽  
Muslich Hartadi Sutanto
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Flexible Pavement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pavement Performance ◽  
Horizontal Load ◽  
Linear Elastic ◽  
Road Base ◽  
Pavement Structure ◽  
Base Course

This paper summarizes a theoretical study undertaken to provide a better understanding of the consequences of poor bond on flexible pavement performance. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the influence of bond on the performance of Malaysian road. The pavement structure of Malaysian road was analyzed using a layered linear elastic program, BISAR 3.0 taking into account different state of the bond at the interfaces of the pavement layers and a static horizontal load in addition to the standard vertical dual load. The results indicate that the condition of the bond between the wearing and binder course can reduce the life of the pavement by up to 64%. On the other hand, the results also indicate that the condition of the bond between the binder and road base course, which was made up from asphaltic materials can reduce the life of the pavement by up to 68%.

Sponge roads: the permeable asphalt pavement structures based on rainfall characteristics in central plains urban agglomeration of China

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (9) ◽  
pp. 1740-1750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Guo ◽  
Jiupeng Zhang ◽  
Bochao Zhou ◽  
Wolong Liu ◽  
Jianzhong Pei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Asphalt Pavement ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Urban Agglomeration ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Rainfall Characteristics ◽  
Combination Scheme ◽  
Pavement Structure ◽  
Pavement Structures

Abstract Permeable asphalt pavement should be selected according to the rainfall characteristics of the project site, so as to improve the permeable performance and ensure the bearing capacity of the pavement structure. Therefore, taking a city in the central plains urban agglomeration of China as an example, the characteristics of the rainstorm intensity distribution and cumulative rainfall are analyzed, and a combination scheme of drainage surface layer asphalt pavement suitable for rainfall characteristics in this area is proposed. Then, the pavement structure design is systematically carried out based on the permeable capacity and bearing capacity. The results show that under the rainfall conditions in this area, there is no surface runoff on the permeable asphalt pavement with 120 mm drainage surface layer, which is suitable for the medium traffic grade of urban roads with cumulative equivalent axle loads of 10 million to 12 million times.

scholarly journals Design solutions for pavements structure affected by static and impact load

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrius Vaitkus ◽  
Viktoras Vorobjovas ◽  
Judita Gražulytė ◽  
Rita Kleizienė ◽  
Ovidijus Šernas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Impact Load ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Waste Utilization ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Pavement Performance ◽  
Impact Loads ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Pavement Structure ◽  
Pavement Structures ◽  
In The Beginning

Pavements of aprons, container and logistic terminals, areas of storage, parking lots, areas of waste utilization are affected by high pressure static and impact loads. These loads strongly influence pavement performance by causing permanent deformations and distresses in the surface and even sometimes pavement failure in the beginning of pavement service. The types of structure, materials and layer thicknesses are the main factors relative to pavement performance. In order to correctly understand the particularity of static and impact loading, distresses of pavement structures affected by such load are emphasized, the load specification and climatic conditions influencing pavement performance are characterized. After analysis of the best practise, the flow chart of pavement structure design model was introduced. The paper gives reasonable pavement type and thickness determination dependent on object of application pavement structure.

scholarly journals Influence of asphalt visco-elastic properties on flexible pavement performance

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Kleizienė ◽  
Audrius Vaitkus ◽  
Donatas Čygas
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Pavement Design ◽  
Pavement Performance ◽  
Elastic Behaviour ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Complex Shear ◽  
Pavement Structure ◽  
Pavement Structures

Even though every layer of pavement structure is important and affects pavement performance, the asphalt layers visco-elasticity plays significant role. Bitumen properties, as well as asphalt mixture properties, vary depending on temperature and loading conditions. These variations influence entire pavement bearing capacity and has to be evaluated in pavement design. The main challenge is material behaviour description through simple models to incorporate them to pavement design. Generally, pavements are designed using Multilayer Elastic Theory assuming that all materials are elastic, isotropic, and homogenous. This paper presents analysis of two pavement structures response calculated according to three pavement design approaches. The dynamic modulus and phase angle of asphalt mixtures was estimated using Hirsch model after binder complex shear modulus tests. The visco-elastic behaviour was described with rheological Huet-Sayegh model and pavement responses estimation was done using MnLayer and ViscoRoute2 software. The analysis reviled static and dynamic load influence on pavement structure based on elastic and visco-elastic properties of asphalt layers. This allowed optimisation of layer thicknesses and determination of more cost beneficial pavement structure with appropriate performance.

scholarly journals Insights and Findings Following 11 Years of Test Road Exploitation

Coatings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1161
Author(s):  
Laura Žalimienė ◽  
Audrius Vaitkus ◽  
Donatas Čygas
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
Test Road ◽  
Pavement Structures ◽  
Base Course ◽  
Sand Base ◽  
Aggregate Base

Road pavement is one of the most important components of road structure. Long-term monitoring changes in the state of road pavement under real conditions of load and climate allows to determine surface degradation mechanisms, select sustainable road building materials and their mixes, rationally employ asphalt paving technologies, and improve quality control. For a number of years, road pavement structures have been studied that should best meet the Lithuanian climate conditions and withstand the increasing impact of vehicle load. Thus, for that purpose, specially designed, constructed and tested roads or road sections for different pavement structures are most appropriate. One of those was constructed in 2007. The experimental road (hereinafter, the Test Road) consisted of 27 different pavement structures (PSs) produced of various materials. The study aims to evaluate the effect of different materials on variations in the bearing capacity of the pavement structure (PS), the sustainability of the structure, and the formation of ruts in 2007–2018. In this way, difference in bearing capacity, rutting depth between sections, and loaded and unloaded lanes was estimated. Further, the statistical analysis of these factors was conducted. Investigations have shown that the minimum bearing capacity of 754 MPa established after 11 years did not affect the formation of rut depth that was less than 1.0 cm. The PSs covered with the used asphalt granules, a larger asphalt base course on gravel, the sand mix base course, and granite aggregate mixed with sand base course were accepted as one of the PSs with the highest bearing capacity with PSs exceeding 929 MPa. The bearing capacity of the PS containing a 20 cm aggregate base course is on average higher by 30 MPa than PS holding a 15 cm aggregate base course.

Use of Long-Term Pavement Performance Data to Develop Traffic Defaults in Support of Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Procedures

2003 ◽  
Vol 1855 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weng On Tam ◽  
Harold Von Quintus
Keyword(s):  
Pavement Design ◽  
Vehicle Classification ◽  
Pavement Performance ◽  
Traffic Data ◽  
Design Procedures ◽  
Load Spectra ◽  
State Highway ◽  
Pavement Structures ◽  
Empirical Design

Traffic data are a key element for the design and analysis of pavement structures. Automatic vehicle-classification and weigh-in-motion (WIM) data are collected by most state highway agencies for various purposes that include pavement design. Equivalent single-axle loads have had widespread use for pavement design. However, procedures being developed under NCHRP require the use of axle-load spectra. The Long-Term Pavement Performance database contains a wealth of traffic data and was selected to develop traffic defaults in support of NCHRP 1-37A as well as other mechanistic-empirical design procedures. Automated vehicle-classification data were used to develop defaults that account for the distribution of truck volumes by class. Analyses also were conducted to determine direction and lane-distribution factors. WIM data were used to develop defaults to account for the axle-weight distributions and number of axles per vehicle for each truck type. The results of these analyses led to the establishment of traffic defaults for use in mechanistic-empirical design procedures.

Study on Coarse Aggregate Gradation Analysis of Cement Treated Base Course Based on Core Sample Image

2011 ◽  
Vol 320 ◽  
pp. 445-449
Author(s):  
Li Qun Hu ◽  
Chao Fan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Core Sample ◽  
Morphological Operations ◽  
Threshold Method ◽  
Aggregate Gradation ◽  
Aggregate Particle ◽  
Sample Rotation ◽  
Passing Rate ◽  
Base Course ◽  
Good Quality Image

In order to get the coarse aggregate particle gradation of cement treated base course core sample dilled form the pavement, an image acquisition system is designed. The system mainly contains an Aviiva ® M2 CL line scan camera, a core sample rotation platform and a LED light source. The software are designed and implemented by using the Matrox Mil controls in the Visual Studio VB.NET. Test results show that when the camera exposure time is set to 800μs, good quality image of core sample can be obtained. In the study, the original core sample images of cement treated aggregate were improved by rescaling of each pixel, then were binarized by using adaptive threshold method. After getting the binary image, morphological operations were carried out to deal with the conglutinations of the particles. Next, characteristics of each particle, such as area, perimeter, fitting ellipse and minFeret were extracted to calculate the area passing rate of aggregate with different size. Results shows that, in this way, the gradation of coarse aggregate (>2.36mm) can be got and the method helps to get the coarse aggregate particle distribution of cement treated aggregate core sample quickly.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF FREEZE-THAWING ON BEARING CAPACITY OF GRANULAR BASE COURSE MATERIAL

2012 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. I_115-I_122
Author(s):  
Shinichiro KAWABATA ◽  
Tatsuya ISHIKAWA ◽  
Takumi MURAYAMA ◽  
Shuichi KAMEYAMA
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Base Course Material ◽  
Course Material ◽  
Base Course ◽  
Granular Base

Generalized Methodology to Develop Mechanistically Informed Asphalt Mixture Layer Coefficients for AASHTO 1993 Pavement Design Approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110415
Author(s):  
Rasool Nemati ◽  
Eshan V. Dave ◽  
Jo E. Sias
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Complex Modulus ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Asphalt Mixtures ◽  
Pavement Design ◽  
Design Approach ◽  
Normal Distribution Function ◽  
Central Plant ◽  
Base Course

This paper presents a generalized framework for determining mechanistically informed layer coefficients (a-values) for asphalt mixtures in the AASHTO empirical pavement design approach. The layer coefficients influence the layer thicknesses and consequently the structural capacity of pavements. Therefore, it is critical to determine reliable mechanistically informed a-values. A set of 18 commonly used asphalt mixtures in New Hampshire was selected for investigation including different types of hot mix and cold central plant recycled mixtures that are used as wearing, binder, and base course layers. Laboratory characterization was conducted using the complex modulus, semi-circular bend, and direct tension cyclic fatigue testing methods. The mixtures were evaluated using three performance index parameters: complex modulus rutting index parameter, rate-dependent cracking index parameter, and a new continuum damage parameter ([Formula: see text]). The measured field performance of wearing course mixtures in terms of International Roughness Index was used to back-calculate the in situ performance-based layer coefficients (aIRI-values). Using a normal distribution function, the results from performance testing were incorporated with the aIRI-values to develop mechanistically informed mix-specific layer coefficients. In addition, a typical layer coefficient at specific reliability levels for each mix category including hot mix wearing course, hot mix binder and base course as well as cold central plant recycled mix course are proposed for New Hampshire. The recommended a-values are 0.48 for hot mix wearing, 0.41 for hot mixed binder and base, and 0.28 for cold recycled base mixtures; these are approximately 25% higher than the currently used a-values in New Hampshire.

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