NILAI USAHA INDUSTRI PRIMER HASIL HUTAN KAYU PADA CV SINAR JAYA DI KECAMATAN CIGUDEG KABUPATEN BOGOR

Community forests are the source of raw materials for the Primary Wood Forest Products Industry at CV Sinar Jaya in Cigudeg District, Bogor Regency. Optimizing the use of these raw materials can affect the business value of the wood processing industry. The purpose of this study was to determine the yield value and to analyze the business value of sawmill activities at CV. Sinar Jaya. The research method was carried out by means of quantitative analysis methods of collecting production data by direct measurement and interviews as well as calculating the value of economic income obtained from sawmill activities and overall waste utilization, the size of wood raw materials includes 10 centimeters to 30 centimeters with a length of 2 ,8 meters to 3 meters. The results showed that the average yield value is 55%, productivity is 1.51 m3/hour round wood, sawn wood is 0.83 m3/hour production cost is Rp 1,181,600,000.0/year, Income value is Rp. 1,509,600,0000.00/year, net profit value is Rp. 328,000.00/year, the value of marketing costs is Rp. 0 the value of the benefit cost ratio is 1.28/year and the work performance value of logs is Rp. 12,712.89 sawn wood Rp. 22,867.14. To increase the yield, the skills of the sawing workforce must be improved to minimize damage toeach sortimen. In order for business value to increase, productivity must be intensified and the availability of raw materials must be sustainable.

Experimental Investigation on Waste Utilization of Steel fiber and SCBA in Concrete with Partially Replacement of Cement

This work presents the determination of the mechanical properties (compression, split tensile and flexural) of the specimens (cubes, cylinders and beams). The test specimens are M60 high strength concrete which includes ground granulated blast furnace slag (0%,10%, 20%, 30% and 40%) and fly ash (0% 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%) to obtain the desired resistances and properties. Finally, we used granulated blast furnace in different percentages as cement and concrete were replaced. We prepared concrete cubes, beams and cylinders and stored them for a 28-day cure. The tests are performed after 7, 21 and 28 days. To achieve the desired strength that cannot be achieved with conventional concrete and the current method, a large number of test mixtures with different percentages of fly ash and different percentages of ground granulated blast furnace slag are needed to select the combination of materials. Keywords: Fly Ash (FA), Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), Compressive strength, Tensile strength, Flexural strength, Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

User Perception on The Waste Utilization in The Upcycled Garden Design at Taman Samudera, Seri Manjung Perak

Many cities becoming unsustainable due to the massive volumes of unrecycled municipal garbage that end up in suburban landfills. Our culture, on the other hand, appears to be generating trash in an almost inevitable manner. However, in the recent years, the merits of using salvaged and upcycled materials are started to be addressed in the landscape design and recently arose in the hardscape construction. This highlights the importance of educating people, raising awareness and promoting a better way of dealing with solid waste. Based on studies conducted in Taman Samudera, Seri Manjung, Perak, this paper attempts to analyze the user perception on the waste utilization for the upcycled garden design. This quantitative research was conducted in two phases; Phase 1; to study the user awareness, user acceptance and user preference on the upcycling hardscape and Phase 2; to propose a landscape master plan of the upcycled garden. The respondent (n=92) involved in this study are the residents of Taman Samudera, Seri Manjung, Perak. It shows that most of the respondents were aware and accepted the use of recycled materials in the upcycled garden. The finding indicates that the highest mean score for preferred recycled material used for hardscape construction were plastic bottles, tyres, and Compact Discs were suitable to be included in the master plan of the upcycled garden. The proposed Upcycled Garden at Taman Samudera, Seri Manjung, Perak will be a valuable recreational area that is environmental friendly while educating the public tackling the serious issues of poor recycling rates and waste management in Malaysia.

Critical Factors and Emerging Opportunities in Food Waste Utilization and Treatment Technologies

Globally, approximately one-third of food produced for human consumption is lost or discarded, comprising 1. 3 billion tons annually. Factors contributing to food waste from the food manufacturer to the consumer level are numerous. Events that may result in food waste include, but are not limited to, manufacturing food by-products, improper handling within the supply chain (e.g., cold chain deviations), misunderstood food date labels, over-purchasing, and consumer-level temperature abuse. From the manufacturer to consumer, each node in the food supply requires concerted efforts to divert food waste from entering municipal landfills. Depending on the state of the food waste, it is diverted to various outlets, from food donation for consumption to composting for soil amendment. To better understand the opportunities in the United States to divert food waste from landfills, current and emerging federal policies as well as the causes of food waste generation must be understood. Unfortunately, information on both the composition of food waste in the U.S. and how it impacts critical factors in food waste treatment, especially in food waste composting, is limited. Specifically, this review aims to: (1) discuss and compare critical factors that impact the fate of food waste and (2) examine emerging opportunities to advance the processing and products of food waste.

Cellulase Production by Penicillium Oxalicum Ti-11 with Traditional Chinese Medicine Residue as Substrate

PurposeThe study aims to search for efficient cellulase producer and explore the possibility of traditional Chinese medicine residue as a substrate for cellulase production, so as to realize the waste utilization of traditional Chinese medicine residue.MethodsThe cellulase-producing strain was identified through morphological and molecular biological methods. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the structure of traditional Chinese medicine residues before and after fermentation. The enzyme activity was determined by DNS method, and the enzyme production conditions were optimized by single factor and response surface methodology.ResultThe strain grew well in forsythia leaf residue, and the highest FPA could reach 2.06 IU/mL. In addition, the structural characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine residue that before and after enzymatic hydrolysis were characterized by SEM and FTIR. The results showed that the structure of the residue was destroyed after enzymatic hydrolysis, the damage of forsythia leaf residue was the most serious, and enzymatic hydrolysis promoted the dissolution of cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose. The enzyme production conditions of the strain were optimized by Plackett-Burman design and response surface analysis. The FPA could reach 2.79 IU/mL under the optimal conditions of FLR concentration 24.84 g/L, (NH4)2SO4 concentration 2 g/L, temperature 34.44℃, pH 6.20, rotational speed 200rpm, inoculum 6%, which was 35.44% higher than that before optimization.ConclusionsThe results showed that traditional Chinese medicine residue could be used as the induced substrate for fungal cellulase production. This study provides an idea for the low-cost production of fungal cellulase and the waste utilization of traditional Chinese medicine residue.

Alternative Materials for the Enrichment of Biogas with Methane

Carbonaceous adsorbents have been pointed out as promising adsorbents for the recovery of methane from its mixture with carbon dioxide, including biogas. This is because of the fact that CO2 is more strongly adsorbed and also diffuses faster compared to methane in these materials. Therefore, the present study aimed to test alternative carbonaceous materials for the gas separation process with the purpose of enriching biogas in biomethane and to compare them with the commercial one. Among them was coconut shell activated carbon (AC) as the adsorbent derived from bio-waste, rubber tire pyrolysis char (RPC) as a by-product of waste utilization technology, and carbon molecular sieve (CMS) as the commercial material. The breakthrough experiments were conducted using two mixtures, a methane-rich mixture (consisting of 75% CH4 and 25% CO2) and a carbon dioxide-rich mixture (containing 25% CH4 and 75% CO2). This investigation showed that the AC sample would be a better candidate material for the CH4/CO2 separation using a fixed-bed adsorption column than the commercial CMS sample. It is worth mentioning that due to its poorly developed micropore structure, the RPC sample exhibited limited adsorption capacity for both compounds, particularly for CO2. However, it was observed that for the methane-rich mixture, it was possible to obtain an instantaneous concentration of around 93% CH4. This indicates that there is still much potential for the use of the RPC, but this raw material needs further treatment. The Yoon–Nelson model was used to predict breakthrough curves for the experimental data. The results show that the data for the AC were best fitted with this model.

Review—Latest Trends and Advancement in Porous Carbon for Biowaste Organization and Utilization

Bio-derived activated porous carbon is readily used because it exhibits high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, high stability, environment-friendly nature, and easy availability. All of these properties make it a unique and a perfect applicant for energy storage devices. Biowastes such as corncobs, walnut shells, human hair, jute, oil seeds, and bamboo are utilized as precursors in manufacturing porous carbon. The use of bio materials is preferred because of their abundance and biodegradable nature. The production of porous carbon was carried out through pyrolysis with the help of acid, primarily KOH, as the active substance. The ambient temperature for conducting pyrolysis is 400-800oC. Pyrolysis can be either fast or slow, with fast pyrolysis being helpful in most experiments. Food wastes like peels and shells are among the most significant biowaste sources alongside farm waste like rice husks, coconut shells, etc., which are not just waste and can be utilized for sustainable living. The porous carbon is formed from food waste from toxicity reducer in wastewater to for a supercapacitor or a bio anode in a microbial fuel cell. It is oneway sustainable development and is now highly economical. Moreover, in scientific aspects, their validity in a field and lowered expenses in some cases, the benefits of their usage may vary. This paper aims to extensively review all of the research conducted for Bio-waste utilization and its conversion to porous carbon for further use in super capacitance applications