scholarly journals Changes in Passengers’ Travel Behavior Due to COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7974
Author(s):  
Dong-Gyun Ku ◽  
Jung-Sik Um ◽  
Young-Ji Byon ◽  
Joo-Young Kim ◽  
Seung-Jae Lee
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Occupancy Rate ◽  
Traffic Patterns ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Usage Rate ◽  
Contagious Nature ◽  
Passenger Volume ◽  
Service Rates ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Usage Rates

The COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 has changed the way people travel due to its highly contagious nature. In this study, changes in the travel behavior of passengers due to COVID-19 in the first half of 2020 were examined. To determine whether COVID-19 has affected the use of transportation by passengers, paired t-tests were conducted between the passenger volume of private vehicles in Seoul prior to and after the pandemic. Additionally, the passenger occupancy rate of different modes of transportation during the similar time periods were compared and analyzed to identify the changes in monthly usage rate for each mode. In the case of private vehicles and public bicycles, the usage rates have recovered or increased when compared to those of before the pandemic. Conversely, bus and rail passenger service rates have decreased from the previous year before the pandemic. Furthermore, it is found that existing bus and rail users have switched to the private auto mode due to COVID-19. Based on the results, traffic patterns of travelers after the outbreak and implications responding to the pandemic are discussed.

Serial natriuretic response to atrial peptide in preascitic bile duct ligated dogs

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 1396-1400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Maher ◽  
Peter Cernacek ◽  
Mortimer Levy
Keyword(s):  
Bile Duct ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Bile Duct Ligation ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Sodium Retention ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Duct Ligation ◽  
Time Periods

We determined if nine precirrhotic unanaesthetized dogs with chronic bile duct ligation (CBDL) responded uniformly to atrial natriuretic peptide (ANF) by infusing this peptide sequentially over 8–12 weeks at 175 ng∙kg−1∙min−1 and observing the natriuretic response. ANF was administered every 2 weeks post-CBDL until the 8th week and given again during the cirrhotic phase with ascites present (10–12 weeks post-CBDL). Sodium balance studies were conducted at similar time intervals. During the control period and at weeks, 2, 6, and 8 post-CBDL all dogs responded to ANF with a significant change in sodium excretion (ΔUNaV, 50–240 μequiv./min). At these times, all dogs were in sodium balance. At week 4 and during the ascitic period, heterogeneity of response to ANF was observed. In the former interval, five dogs responded (ΔUNaV, 75–230 μequiv./min) and four did not, while in the latter interval, five dogs responded (ΔUNaV, 50–240 μequiv./min) and three did not (one dog died). In both time periods, there was severe urinary sodium retention (daily UNaV, 11 ± 3 and 2 ± 1 mequiv./day, respectively) while the dogs were ingesting 45 mequiv. Na+/day. The heterogeneity of natriuretic response was not correlated to plasma immunoreactive ANF, renin, or aldosterone levels. Plasma volume was significantly expanded from control during both intervals. We conclude that there is transient sodium retention during the 4th week post-CBDL, and that this period is associated with the heterogeneity of natriuretic response to ANF, despite the absence of ascites or edema.Key words: sodium excretion, cirrhosis, edema.

scholarly journals Mobile versus fixed automated external defibrillators (AED deployment in a geographically dispersed population: analysis of the girona territori cardioprotegit project

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Llongueras Espi ◽  
M Pons Monne ◽  
M Salvans Cirera ◽  
F Graterol Torres ◽  
M Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Population Analysis ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Automated External Defibrillators ◽  
Usage Rate ◽  
Geographically Dispersed ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Cardiac Arrest Survival ◽  
Hospital Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Usage Rates

Abstract Introduction/Aim Public defibrillation doubles out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival. However, the best way to provide public defibrillation coverage to geographically dispersed populations remains unknown. The aim of this study is to compare usage rates and effectivity between mobile versus fixed Automated External Defibrillators (AED). Methods This project is a prospective registry of the usage rate of public AED (542 fixed AED, 241 mobile AED) and the analysis of the electrocardiographic traces, from June 2011 until December 2019. We compared the usage rate, the proportion of shockable rhythms and defibrillation success between fixed versus mobile AED. Results Of 566 registered usages, we obtained 494 electrocardiographic traces, of which 108 (21%) were from fixed AED. The usage rate of fixed and mobile AED were 0.022use/AED-year and 0.177use/AED-year respectively. In Fixed AED group we observed a higher proportion of shockable rhythms (34.2% vs. 20.3%, p=0,01) and higher defibrillation success (79% vs. 63%, p=0,02). The proportion of patients with shockable rhythms who were transferred to a hospital were 62.1% and 50% in Fixed AED and Mobile AED group respectively (p=0,306). Conclusions In Fixed AED group we observed more shockable rhythms and higher defibrillation success rates. Mobile AED were 8 times more used. FUNDunding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Migrations and the Early Human Ecology of the Southeastern Atlantic Slope

2018 ◽  
pp. 309-322
Author(s):  
Joseph Schuldenrein
Keyword(s):  
Human Ecology ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Soil Morphology ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Dating Methods ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Basin Morphology ◽  
River Valleys ◽  
Early Human ◽  
The U.S

The analytic sophistication demonstrated in this volume can be traced back to pioneering works in studies of prehistoric human ecology and what is now recognized as geoarchaeology. The combining of several subfields in geology, geomorphology, hydrology, soil morphology, and advanced dating methods have resulted in the realization of many of the aspirations of the inter-disciplinary research that was advocated for in previous decades. This chapter contrasts the drainage basin morphology along the lower Southeastern U.S., with its expansive Coastal Plains stands, with the shorter river valleys in the northeast, which are controlled by bedrock. The alluvial valleys in the Southeast combined with the milder climates throughout the Pleistocene set this area of the U.S. apart for prime geomorphological and geoarchaeological studies. These regions are contrasted with landforms in the near East at similar time periods, emphasizing the value in global comparisons.

scholarly journals Very-Short-Term Power Prediction for PV Power Plants Using a Simple and Effective RCC-LSTM Model Based on Short Term Multivariate Historical Datasets

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biaowei Chen ◽  
Peijie Lin ◽  
Yunfeng Lai ◽  
Shuying Cheng ◽  
Zhicong Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Training Dataset ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Pv Power Generation

Improving the accuracy of very-short-term (VST) photovoltaic (PV) power generation prediction can effectively enhance the quality of operational scheduling of PV power plants, and provide a reference for PV maintenance and emergency response. In this paper, the effects of different meteorological factors on PV power generation as well as the degree of impact at different time periods are analyzed. Secondly, according to the characteristics of radiation coordinate, a simple radiation classification coordinate (RCC) method is proposed to classify and select similar time periods. Based on the characteristics of PV power time-series, the selected similar time period dataset (include power output and multivariate meteorological factors data) is reconstructed as the training dataset. Then, the long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network is applied as the learning network of the proposed model. The proposed model is tested on two independent PV systems from the Desert Knowledge Australia Solar Centre (DKASC) PV data. The proposed model achieving mean absolute percentage error of 2.74–7.25%, and according to four error metrics, the results show that the robustness and accuracy of the RCC-LSTM model are better than the other four comparison models.

DIAPAUSE IN CHRYSOPA CARNEA (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE): II. MAINTENANCE BY PHOTOPERIOD

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 474-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice J. Tauber ◽  
Catherine A. Tauber ◽  
Charlène J. Denys
Keyword(s):  
Primary Role ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Late Autumn ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Chrysopa Carnea ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
The Times ◽  
Active Adults ◽  
Short Days

AbstractAfter diapause was initiated in reproductively active adults, short-day (LD 12:12) maintained diapause and prevented oviposition for 66 ± 22 days. Subsequently all females remaining in the conditions that produced diapause (LD 12:12), began to lose the red-brown diapause coloration and began to oviposit. When animals were transferred to long-day at various intervals during diapause, oviposition resumed within similar time periods, thereby indicating that the intensity of diapause did not differ at the times tested.We suggest that in nature the short days of early autumn induce diapause, that the short days of late autumn maintain this diapause, that subsequently diapause ends under short-day conditions and that factors other than photoperiod, such as temperature accumulations, play a primary role in timing the initiation of reproduction in late spring.

scholarly journals Five Cases of Dental Anomalies Attributable to Congenital Syphilis from Early 20th Century American Anatomical Collections

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Ioannou ◽  
David Hunt ◽  
Maciej Henneberg
Keyword(s):  
Black Male ◽  
Congenital Syphilis ◽  
Black Female ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Dental Anomalies ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Maxillary Molars ◽  
Dental Abnormalities ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Male Displays

Specific dental abnormalities are considered pathognomonic of congenital syphilis (CS); however, European physicians recognized their variation during the late 19th to mid 20th centuries. Observations of syphi-lis-related dental abnormalities in American individuals from similar time periods are made to determine types of variation among the American population.From a survey of the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History anatomical human skeletal collection, five individuals demonstrated dental characteristics consistent with CS (P00011R, P219398, P000707, P000679, and P000161). Hutchinson’s three categories of dental anomalies were used to describe variations among syphilitic individuals.Previously identified pathological dental characteristics related to CS were present in the analyzed individuals. P00011R, 24-year-old Black female, has a maxillary right Moon’s molar. P219398, approximately 20-year-old Black female, has Hutchinson’s incisors and Fournier’s molars. P000707, 26-year-old Black male, displays severe hypoplasia on all incisors, canines and maxillary first molars. P000679, 33-year-old Black female has “screw-driver” shaped maxillary central incisors, altered occlusal morphology of first maxillary molars and hypoplasia. P000161, 45-year-old Black female, demonstrates severe hypoplasia on incisors and canines (molars lost).“Classic” dental characteristics of CS are not ubiquitous to all identified cases. This study exemplifies that den-tal anomalies associated with CS do not all have to be present for diagnosis. Although other causes for some of these anomalies are possible, observations in these five cases are most consistent with CS.

Transient characteristics of effective porosity and specific yield in bedrock aquifers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aidan Foley ◽  
Stephen Worthington ◽  
Robert Soley
Keyword(s):  
Total Porosity ◽  
Fracture Network ◽  
Environmental Tracers ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Transient Phenomena ◽  
Transient Nature ◽  
Chalk Aquifer ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Bedrock Aquifers

<p>Studies of bedrock aquifers have often treated effective porosity and specific yield as having a similar, time-<br>invariant value. Here, we apply a series of tests of specific yield and effective porosity at multiple temporal scales<br>to the carbonate Chalk aquifer of east Hampshire, England. These include analysis of natural water level, discharge and<br>water quality variations, numerical model calibrations, hydrograph recession analysis, pumping tests, and tracer<br>tests using both injected and environmental tracers. Values of both effective porosity and specific yield are<br>shown to be transient phenomena that are dependent upon the temporal test scale, an effect which results from<br>the dual-porosity structure of the aquifer. Over short time periods, aquifer response is dominated by preferential<br>flow through the low-storage, high-permeability, dissolutionally-enhanced fracture network; effective porosities on a timescale of hours to<br>days are 0.0001–0.001. Over longer time periods, aquifer response becomes increasingly dominated by the high-<br>storage, low-permeability matrix, with the effective porosity rising to approximate total porosity (0.39) on a<br>timescale of decades. Specific yield also increases as a function of timescale, though there is much less variability<br>than with effective porosity. Our findings demonstrate that it is critical to use an effective porosity value ap-<br>propriate to the timescale when making transport calculations. Preferential flow through fracture networks is<br>common in bedrock aquifers. Consequently, the transient nature of both effective porosity and specific yield that<br>has been demonstrated in the Chalk aquifer is likely to be broadly representative of most bedrock aquifers.</p>

Observed Traffic Pattern Changes Due to Variable Tolls

2000 ◽  
Vol 1732 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Burris ◽  
Michael C. Pietrzyk ◽  
Chris R. Swenson
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Traffic Data ◽  
Traffic Patterns ◽  
Traffic Pattern ◽  
Variable Pricing ◽  
Traffic Volumes ◽  
Group Variable

In August 1998 the Midpoint and Cape Coral Bridges in Lee County, Florida, began charging variable tolls based on the time of day. Traffic data collected at these two bridges are examined, including the number of vehicles, by transaction payment type and by time of day. These data were analyzed to determine if variable pricing toll discounts have changed traffic patterns at the toll bridges. Data collected from January through July 1998 (before the implementation of variable pricing) were compared to data collected from August through December 1998 (during variable pricing). The data were examined in both aggregate and half-hour time increments throughout the day. This allowed for initial analysis of ways that traffic volumes have shifted by time of day due to discounted tolls. Data were also collected on the payment methods of all bridge users. This information is critical, since only those users paying their toll electronically (approximately 23 percent of transactions) are eligible for the variable pricing toll discounts. Therefore, two groups were examined separately—eligible users (the test group) and ineligible users (the control group). Variable pricing was found to have caused significant changes in the travel behavior of eligible users. On the Cape Coral and Midpoint Bridges, the number of eligible users increased significantly during the discount periods and decreased significantly during the peak periods. In contrast, changes in the traffic patterns of ineligible users were found to be statistically insignificant.

GIS-Based Multivariate Spatial Clustering for Traffic Pattern Recognition using Continuous Counting Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (10) ◽  
pp. 583-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Mehedi Hasan ◽  
Jun-Seok Oh
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Seasonal Adjustment ◽  
Traffic Data ◽  
Traffic Patterns ◽  
Traffic Pattern ◽  
Adjustment Factors ◽  
Clustering Approach

Traffic count stations play a key role in measuring roadway characteristics and traffic performance by collecting and monitoring travel behavior and vehicle data. Continuous counting stations (CCSs), which count traffic volumes continuously throughout the year, are used to develop seasonal adjustment factors to convert short-term traffic counts (average daily traffic) to annual average daily traffic (AADT). As data collection is conducted at limited locations, many state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) group the CCSs based on different traffic patterns and estimate the AADT at specific locations by considering seasonal adjustment factors. Computer-based clustering approaches are widely used in grouping continuous traffic data for their accuracy in traffic pattern recognition. However, most of the clustering techniques do not consider the spatial constraints and therefore overlooked the locational proximity and inference from nearby traffic data. In this study, a GIS-based multivariate spatial clustering approach was developed to recognize statewide traffic patterns based on temporal and spatial variables. A total of 12 optimal clusters were automatically computed and labeled based on the proposed clustering algorithm. The proposed clustering approach was compared and validated based on machine learning classifiers. The results showed that it outperformed the traditional Michigan DOT clustering approach and was consistent in nature across different years. The model was applied to estimate the AADT, and good accuracy was detected relative to other approaches. The proposed clustering method offers a new approach to group traffic patterns by simultaneously incorporating proximity and similarity of traffic data.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document