scholarly journals Sustainability Investigation of Vehicles’ CO2 Emission in Hungary

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8237
Author(s):  
István Árpád ◽  
Judit T. Kiss ◽  
Gábor Bellér ◽  
Dénes Kocsis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
The European Union ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Technology System ◽  
Low Co2

The regulation of vehicular CO2 emissions determines the permissible emissions of vehicles in units of g CO2/km. However, these values only partially provide adequate information because they characterize only the vehicle but not the emission of the associated energy supply technology system. The energy needed for the motion of vehicles is generated in several ways by the energy industry, depending on how the vehicles are driven. These methods of energy generation consist of different series of energy source conversions, where the last technological step is the vehicle itself, and the result is the motion. In addition, sustainability characterization of vehicles cannot be determined by the vehicle’s CO2 emissions alone because it is a more complex notion. The new approach investigates the entire energy technology system associated with the generation of motion, which of course includes the vehicle. The total CO2 emissions and the resulting energy efficiency have been determined. For this, it was necessary to systematize (collect) the energy supply technology lines of the vehicles. The emission results are not given in g CO2/km but in g CO2/J, which is defined in the paper. This new method is complementary to the European Union regulative one, but it allows more complex evaluations of sustainability. The calculations were performed based on Hungarian data. Finally, using the resulting energy efficiency values, the emission results were evaluated by constructing a sustainability matrix similar to the risk matrix. If only the vehicle is investigated, low CO2 emissions can be achieved with vehicles using internal combustion engines. However, taking into consideration present technologies, in terms of sustainability, the spread of electric-only vehicles using renewable energies can result in improvement in the future. This proposal was supported by the combined analysis of the energy-specific CO2 emissions and the energy efficiency of vehicles with different power-driven systems.

scholarly journals A Win-Win Scheme for Improving the Environmental Sustainability of University Commuters’ Mobility and Getting Environmental Credits

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 396
Author(s):  
Laura Cirrincione ◽  
Salvatore Di Dio ◽  
Giorgia Peri ◽  
Gianluca Scaccianoce ◽  
Domenico Schillaci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Commuter Students ◽  
Free Access ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
The University

European Union Member States are called upon to meet internationally proposed environmental goals. This study is based, in particular, on the recommendation of the European Union (EU), which encourages Member States to pursue effective policies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions, including through appropriate changes in the behavioral habits of citizens. In this respect, among the main sectors involved, transport and mobility should certainly be mentioned. National institutions should be adequately involved in order to achieve the objectives set; in this regard, universities must certainly be considered for their educational value. These latter, for instance, could commit to improving the environmental performance of the mobility of their commuter students (to a not insignificant extent), since commuting modes are often the cause of high CO2 emissions; indeed, they still largely involve the use of internal combustion engines based on fossil fuels. In this paper, the effectiveness of a smartphone-app-based method to encourage commuter students to adopt more sustainable transport modes is evaluated. In more detail, starting from a statistical analysis of the status quo of mobility habits of a sample of students at the University of Palermo (Italy), an improvement of current habits toward a more sustainable path is encouraged through a new application (specifically created for this purpose) installed on students’ smartphones. Then, the daily and annual distances traveled by commuters with the new mobility modes are calculated, and the resulting savings in energy and CO2 emissions are estimated. Finally, it is proposed that the reduced emissions could be converted into energy-efficiency credits that the University could use to enter the emission trading system (ETS), here contextualized within the Italian “TEE” (“Energy Efficiency Credits”) scheme, while the benefits for students participating in the program could consist of reduced fees and free access to university services. The results obtained show the feasibility of the proposal. This approach can be considered a useful model that could be adopted by any other public institutions—not only universities—to facilitate their path toward decarbonization.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Sustainable Energy Development Progress in EU Member States in the Context of Building Renovation

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4209
Author(s):  
Rita Remeikienė ◽  
Ligita Gasparėnienė ◽  
Aleksandra Fedajev ◽  
Marek Szarucki ◽  
Marija Đekić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Investment Efficiency ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Eu

The main goal of setting energy efficiency priorities is to find ways to reduce energy consumption without harming consumers and the environment. The renovation of buildings can be considered one of the main aspects of energy efficiency in the European Union (EU). In the EU, only 5% of the renovation projects have been able to yield energy-saving at the deep renovation level. No other study has thus far ranked the EU member states according to achieved results in terms of increased usage in renewable sources, a decrease in energy usage and import, and reduction in harmful gas emissions due to energy usage. The main purpose of this article is to perform a comparative analysis of EU economies according to selected indicators related to the usage of renewable resources, energy efficiency, and emissions of harmful gasses as a result of energy usage. The methodological contribution of our study is related to developing a complex and robust research method for investment efficiency assessment allowing the study of three groups of indicators related to the usage of renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, and ecological aspects of energy. It was based on the PROMETHEE II method and allows testing it in other time periods, as well as modifying it for research purposes. The EU member states were categorized by such criteria as energy from renewables and biofuels, final energy consumption from renewables and biofuels, gross electricity generation from renewables and biofuels and import dependency, and usage of renewables and biofuels for heating and cooling. The results of energy per unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Greenhouse gasses (GHG) emissions per million inhabitants (ECO2), energy per capita, the share of CO2 emissions from public electricity, and heat production from total CO2 emissions revealed that Latvia, Sweden, Portugal, Croatia, Austria, Lithuania, Romania, Denmark, and Finland are the nine most advanced countries in the area under consideration. In the group of the most advanced countries, energy consumption from renewables and biofuels is higher than the EU average.

Study of the Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Emissions from Motorcycles Powered by Electric and Internal Combustion Engines

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Carlos Daemme ◽  
Renato Penteado ◽  
Paulo Smith Schneider ◽  
Bárbara Pacheco da Rocha ◽  
Bernardo dos Santos Piccoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Greenhouse Emissions

Energies

2021 ◽  
pp. 114-151
Author(s):  
Vaclav Smil
Keyword(s):  
Energy Supply ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Human Labor ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
Prime Movers ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Entire Economy

Traditional societies depended on biofuels and animate power from draft animals and human labor. The energy transition reduced biomass fuels to a globally marginal role, as fossil fuel extraction and electricity generation provided abundant and affordable energy. Consequences of this supply were magnified by conversions of fuels and electricity in new prime movers (first steam engines, and then internal combustion engines, electric lights, and motors). Indeed, they have nearly eliminated animate power, resulting in mechanization of agriculture and industrial production, in the rise of mass mobility, and in the deployment of electronic devices throughout the entire economy. Higher average per capita energy supply has been even more impressive when steady gains in conversion efficiency, and the resulting declines of energy intensities of products and services, are taken into account.

Characterization of the Ring Pack Lubricant and its Environment

1995 ◽  
Vol 209 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
P J Burnett ◽  
B Bull ◽  
R J Wetton
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Piston Ring ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Oil Consumption ◽  
Ring Groove ◽  
Direct Sampling ◽  
Engine Wear ◽  
Ring Pack ◽  
Motion Characterization

The performance characteristics of the piston ring-liner assembly and the lubricant within it are critical for the operation of modern internal combustion engines. The ring pack can directly affect engine friction, oil consumption and oil degradation, which in turn can impact upon fuel economy, emissions and engine wear. The operation of this system is complex and no single technique is capable of fully characterizing the processes occurring. This paper outlines the range of both experimental and theoretical methods that are being applied to the study of this system and the lubricant within it. These include the modelling of ring pack gas and oil flows, and direct measurement of piston temperatures, ring belt pressures and piston ring motion. Characterization of lubricant degradation via direct sampling of oil from the top ring groove of an operating engine has also been used. The merits of such a multi-faceted approach are discussed in relation to piston deposit formation.

scholarly journals Future mobility without internal combustion engines and fuels?

2013 ◽  
Vol 155 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
Hans LENZ
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Infrastructure Investment ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Electric Motors ◽  
The Future ◽  
To Come

For many decades to come, and in the foreseeable future, internal combustion engines – in many cases with electric motors – will be with us, just like the liquid fuels they require. The importance of crude oil will decline, as these fuels will be increasingly produced on a synthetic basis without CO2 emissions. The answers to the question ”Future Mobility without Internal Combustion Engines and Fuels?“ are “no” in both cases. Purely battery-electric mobility will be applied in the future only in specific areas. Fuel-cell vehicles will hardly be used because of the extreme infrastructure investment costs. In contrast, liquid fuels will ensure the future of mobility. In this scenario, energy such as solar or wind energy will be generated without CO2 emissions.

scholarly journals Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 4086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Martins ◽  
F. P. Brito
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Synthetic Fuels ◽  
Ic Engines

The recent transport electrification trend is pushing governments to limit the future use of Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs). However, the rationale for this strong limitation is frequently not sufficiently addressed or justified. The problem does not seem to lie within the engines nor with the combustion by themselves but seemingly, rather with the rise in greenhouse gases (GHG), namely CO2, rejected to the atmosphere. However, it is frequent that the distinction between fossil CO2 and renewable CO2 production is not made, or even between CO2 emissions and pollutant emissions. The present revision paper discusses and introduces different alternative fuels that can be burned in IC Engines and would eliminate, or substantially reduce the emission of fossil CO2 into the atmosphere. These may be non-carbon fuels such as hydrogen or ammonia, or biofuels such as alcohols, ethers or esters, including synthetic fuels. There are also other types of fuels that may be used, such as those based on turpentine or even glycerin which could maintain ICEs as a valuable option for transportation.

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