scholarly journals Competition and Exploitation for Ecological Capital Embodied in International Trade: Evidence from China and its Trade Partners

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 10020
Author(s):  
Zhaohua Li ◽  
Zhiyun Zhu ◽  
Shilei Xu
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Utility Analysis ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Ecological Relationships ◽  
Ecological Resources ◽  
The World ◽  
Ecological Relationship ◽  
Trade Partners ◽  
Ecological Capital

In order to identify ecological relationships of participating countries in the transfer system of ecological capital embodied in global trade, this paper takes the international trade of China and its partners from 2002 to 2017 as a case, and uses the ecological footprint (EF) measured by the optimized product land-use matrix (PLUM) method to quantify ecological capital for the value of macro-ecological resources, then uses the ecological network analysis (ENA) method to construct a complete transfer network of trade-embodied ecological capital and uses a utility analysis to identify ecological relationships between trading countries. Our results show that: (1) Throughout the study period, competition relationships with 61% dominated in the network, and the countries that have a pair-wise competition relationship with China are mainly located in central and western Europe, northeastern Europe, North America, southern Asia and eastern Asia. (2) Indirect utility determines the dominant ecological relationship in system, and it mainly converts dominant ecological relationships from control to competition by transforming exploit into competition. (3) China is looking to creating a more mutually beneficial trading environment at the expense of its own interests. (4) A global crisis event is likely to result in the control of ecological capital in more countries, and in its aftermath, the world is likely to be in a highly competitive environment. Reducing ecological capital consumption by improving energy efficiency and optimizing the global trading environment into a trading system dominated by mutualism relationships can be effective ways for countries around the world to achieve sustainable development post-COVID-19 crisis.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 315-322
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Irwin
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Trading System ◽  
The World ◽  
World Trading System ◽  
And Function ◽  
Open Markets ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Role And Function

This chapter concludes that international trade and trade policies are frequently the object of condemnation rather than approbation. It explains how the condemnation are often the result of misconceptions about the benefits of international trade, the impact of trade policies, and the role and function of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Though the last few decades have been marked by a general reduction in trade barriers, the matter is not settled because the pressures to weaken the commitment to open markets never abate. The chapter emphasizes on difficult policy choices at the intersection of trade policy and climate change that could hold key battles over the world trading system in coming years. It also highlights the several benefits of world trade and the contribution of trade to the welfare and prosperity of billions of people around the world.

scholarly journals Research Based on International Trade System and the Pursuit of Free Digital Trade

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Houqi Ji
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Data Flows ◽  
The World ◽  
International Trading

The world is witnessing the digitization of the production, exchange and consumption of goods and services in economy. The Internet and cross-border based data flows are becoming important trade channels as more products are traded online or with integrated functions that are based on digital connections. We emphasize the technical emergency element in existing international rules, which shows that technological change is a driving force for competitive regime creation and forum transformation, contributing to the process of fragmentation of the international trading system.

Trends of Development of International Trade in Goods in 1990–2008

2011 ◽  
pp. 36-47
Author(s):  
V. Sokolov
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
North America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Global Crisis ◽  
The World

In today's world there are three centers of industrial production: Western Europe, North America and East Asia. These regions account for the lion's share of world exports of industrial products. The financial crisis of 2008-2009 exerted major negative impact on the growth of international trade in these products. The article examines the trade in certain branches of engineering products in 1990-2000, the influence of the global crisis on international trade, as well as the balance of payments problems of major countries and regions of the world.

“Road Map” of International Trading System Reforming

2010 ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
V. Obolenskiy
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Road Map ◽  
The World ◽  
International Trading ◽  
System Improvement ◽  
Working Out

The world financial and economic crisis has clearly demonstrated that the current principles and rules of the international trade were able to hold governments of most states off the impetuous protectionism, which allowed to insure the world economy against a deeper recession. However, the crisis has also depicted the importance of further international trade system improvement. In the article, the directions of working out of new agreements on future tariff and non-tariff barriers in international trade and actions encouraging its development are considered. At the same time, as accentuated in the paper, it is undeniable that there are flaws in the WTO activities, mainly the vivid bias to serving the interests of the most developed countries, which reasonably draws attention of many researchers-economists.

scholarly journals The Rise of Industrial East Asia: The Role of Confucian Values

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tu Wei-ming
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Cultural Orientations ◽  
The World ◽  
Institutional Sector ◽  
World Economic

The study of East Asia as an intriguing Problematik in the field of economic development and as a methodological challenge in comparative politics has fascinated academicians in North America and in Western Europe for a whole generation. Only recently has it become a major concern of policy makers and the general public in the so-called First World. Ironically, as government officials and the mass media begin to show great interest in the rise of industrial East Asia, cautious academicians feel compelled to make more differentiated observations about the region. As a result, the public demand for broad generalizations is often met with considerable qualifications from the academic community. Indeed, scholarly efforts have been made to show that the whole concept, "Industrial East Asia," may be inadvisable, that Japan is an anomaly on the world economic stage and that the rise of these states as the most dynamic region in international trade has very little to do with shared cultural orientations. As a student of East Asian culture, I am excited that interpreting East Asia in the light of conceptual resources learned from the West, originally the professional goal of a small coterie of like-minded researchers, is now shared by a widening network of concerned citizens of the world. I am also grateful that fascination with Japan and the Four "Mini-Dragons" has progressed from exclusively economic and political analyses to include social studies and cultural appreciation. I use the word "progressed" advisedly. Even though I emphasize the vital importance of culture in our understanding of East Asia, I am fully cognizant of factors such as international trade, the geopolitical situation and the institutional sector in formulating an explanation for the rise of industrial East Asia.

Trade and Development in International Law

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles-Emmanuel Côté
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Trade ◽  
International Law ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Third World ◽  
International Economic Order ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
The World

The intersection between trade and development in international law appeared in the wake of the decolonization movement, in the second half of the 20th century. Newly independent states joined the older Latin American republics in the shared awareness of their underdevelopment and identified themselves as the Third World, most notably after the landmark Bandung conference of 1955. Developing countries soon gained majority in the UN General Assembly and tried to reshape the rules of international law in order to restore fairness in the multilateral trading system. Its governing instrument, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), was perceived as fundamentally flawed since it did not address development and the typical economic issues associated with it. The organization of the first UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in 1964 and its establishment as an organ of the General Assembly were instrumental in the proposal of rules to take developing countries into account in international trade law. The GATT incorporated special and differential treatment (S&DT) provisions for developing countries, and other legal regimes were created to deal with issues of specific interest to them, such as international trade in commodities. This process culminated with the attempt by developing countries to establish a New International Economic Order (NIEO) in the 1970s. The NIEO agenda was dominant on the international stage and in legal thinking on trade and development until the early 1990s. International recognition of a right to development connected the topic of trade and development with the field of human rights. The establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995 and globalization profoundly shook the foundations of the rules governing trade and development. It marked a paradigmatic shift in international law, where trade liberalization came largely to be seen as the key to development. Renewed critical theories emerged fleshing out Third World approaches to international law, dealing notably with trade-related issues. The topic of trade and development remains relevant in early-21st-century international law, as exemplified by the Doha Development Round of multilateral trade negotiations and by the fact that most WTO members still identify as developing countries in the world trading system. The need to further address the issues faced by developing countries remains pressing. The topic of trade and development focuses on North-South or South-South trade relations and must be disambiguated from the concept of sustainable development. The latter does not deal specifically with developing countries and refers to development that meets current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own.

International Trade in the Realm of the Circular Economy

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-102
Author(s):  
Isha Jaswal
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Trade Disputes ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
The World ◽  
Trade Partners

A circular economy advocates the use of resources for the longest time possible and to further regenerate materials when such resources are at the end of their service life. The movement towards a circular economy brings structural changes in an economy, and this, in turn, can potentially impact the international trade regime. Consequently, the aim should be to achieve material circularity among various countries of the world. While transiting towards a circular economy, nations introduce superfluous trade restrictions and at times enter into trade disputes with trade partners. It is imperative that circular economy policies and trade policies are reciprocally supportive. International cooperation on circular economy value chains should thus be explored for coordination of quality standards of materials, promoting demand for second-hand goods and secondary raw materials, removing unnecessary regulatory barriers, and to avoid environmentally harmful activities.

The Future of International Trade

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne O. Krueger
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Beneficial Role ◽  
Multilateral Trading System ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Second World

There is no doubt that intensifying trade links among the countries of the world have played an important, and largely beneficial, role in the evolution of the world economy. The open multilateral trading system that emerged and strengthened after the Second World War led...

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