scholarly journals Effects of Exogenous Application of Plant Growth Regulators (SNP and GA3) on Phytoextraction by Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) Grown in Lead (Pb) Contaminated Soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10866
Author(s):  
Adrianne Beavers ◽  
Marina Koether ◽  
Thomas McElroy ◽  
Sigurdur Greipsson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Soil Culture ◽  
Panicum Virgatum L ◽  
Plant Foliage ◽  
Generation Biofuel

Soil lead (Pb) contamination is a major environmental and public health risk. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), a second-generation biofuel crop, is potentially useful for the long-term phytoremediation and phytoextraction of Pb contaminated soils. We evaluated the efficacy of a coordinated foliar application of plant growth regulators and soil fungicide and a chelator in order to optimize phytoextraction. Plants were grown in soil culture under controlled conditions. First, three exogenous nitric oxide (NO) donors were evaluated at multiple concentrations: (1) S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP); (2) sodium nitroprusside (SNP); and (3) S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). Second, the effect of SNP (0.5 μM) was examined further with the model chelate EDTA and the soil fungicide propicanazole. Third, a combined foliar application of SNP and gibberellic acid (GA3) was examined with EDTA and propicanazole. The soil application of propiconazole (a broad-spectrum fungicides) reduced AMF colonization and allowed greater Pb phytoextraction. The foliar application of SNP resulted in similar concentrations of Pb (roots and foliage) to plants that were challenged with chelates and soil fungicides. The combined foliar application of SNP and GA3 resulted in significantly greater average Pb concentration (243 mg kg−1) in plant foliage in comparison to control plants (182 mg kg−1) and plants treated with GA3 alone (202 mg kg−1). The combined foliar application of SNP and GA3 resulted in the greatest phytoextraction efficiency and could therefore potentially improve phytoextraction by switchgrass grown in Pb contaminated soils.

Impact of Exogenous Plant Growth Regulators on Physiological Traits, Tendril and Flowering in Horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum Lam) under Kharif Season 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sivakumar
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Leaf Temperature ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Mepiquat Chloride ◽  
Kharif Season ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Background: Horsegram is an important pulse crop grown as Rabi crop in Tamil Nadu. Kharif sown crop could not flowers may be because of more number of tendrils produced as compare to Rabi sown crop. Hence, an attempt was made to reduce the number of tendrils and induce flowering in horsegram during Kharif season by plant growth regulators. Methods: A field experiment was conducted to study the impact of plant growth regulators viz., salicylic acid (100 ppm), chlormequat chloride (CCC - 250 ppm), mepiquat chloride (250 ppm), tri iodo benzoic acid (TIBA - 200 ppm) and nitrobenzene (0.2%) on physiological traits and tendril growth associated with flowering in horsegram during Kharif. Different treatments were applied through foliar application at 25 Days after sowing. Result: Among the PGRs, foliar application of TIBA registered the lowest number of tendrils (2.3) followed by CCC (3.0) compared to other treatments. Higher root length of 16.8 cm and RWC of 82.3% was found in CCC treatment. CCC also registered the highest photosynthetic rate (27.15 µmol m-2 s-1), transpiration rate (18.06 mmol m-2 s-1) and lowest leaf temperature (26°C) compared to other treatments. The highest soluble protein content of 13.1 mg g-1 was also estimated in CCC treatment followed by mepiquat chloride (12.51 mg g-1). Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity did not show any significant difference between the treatments. Number of flowers buds formed per plant was zero and hence the flowering did not take place in any treatments. Among the plant growth regulators used, TIBA and CCC registered its positive action on reduced the number of tendrils and leaf temperature, but not enough to induce flowering under Kharif season.

Chlorobenzoyl Chloride and Methyl Chlorobenzoate as Synthetic Plant Growth Regulators

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 428-432
Author(s):  
T. J. Allen ◽  
C. L. Leinweber ◽  
D. K. Prince ◽  
D. F. Bouchard
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Gaseous Phase ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soybean Seedlings

CBC (2,5-dichlorobenzoyl chloride) and MCB (methyl-2,5-dichlorobenzoate) function as plant growth regulators in a gaseous phase or in an aqueous solution. Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. ‘Martin’] and soybean [Glycine bicolor (L.) Merr. ‘Lee’] seeds were temporarily inhibited or delayed from germinating, but overcame the inhibition in time so there was no significant reduction in total germination. Seedlings produced from sorghum and soybean seed germinated and grown in aqueous solution of 35 μg/ml CBC or MCB were shorter and weighed less than control seedlings. Soybean seed treated with the vapors of CBC and MCB produced seedlings significantly reduced in dry weight as compared with that of controls. Foliar application of 500 or 1000 μg/ml of CBC significantly reduced the growth of soybean but not sorghum seedlings. Soybean seedlings treated with the vapors or an aqueous solution produced leaflets more narrow and thicker than control seedlings. A lethal response attributable to CBC or MCB was not recorded.

scholarly journals Effects of plant growth regulators on growth, flowering, fruiting and fruit yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.): A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-274
Author(s):  
Sanjeevan Gosai ◽  
Subash Adhikari ◽  
Saugat Khanal ◽  
Padam Bahadur Poudel
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Maleic Hydrazide ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the basic and applied aspects of different plant growth regulators in the regulation of growth and development of cucumber plants. The study is completely based on the use of secondary sources of data; related journals, government institutes, and relevant reports. Foliar application of PGRs has been shown to change the physiological and developmental processes, including plant vegetative growth, sex expression, yield, and yield components in cucumber. There are basically two types of growth regulators; plant growth promoters such as auxin, gibberellins, cytokinins, maleic hydrazide, ethephon, etc. and plant growth inhibitors such as ethylene, abscisic acids, dormins, etc. The combined use of auxins and gibberellins result in increased secondary growth. Maleic hydrazide (MH) along with Ethephon at 100 ppm each increases the number of nodes and primary branches.  Ethrel at 300-400 ppm retards the secondary development and increase femaleness, and at 200-300 ppm make fruit surface smooth. Silver nitrate (AgNO3) at 400 ppm enhances the maleness in cucumber. Application of Ethephon at 300 ppm reduces the harvesting time of the fruit. Salicylic acid (at 2 doses of 0.07 mm/l + 0.18 mm/l) increases chlorophyll content and its exogenous application increases the fruit yield. Maleic Hydrazide (MH) alone at 100 ppm increases the femaleness, inhibits apical growth at 50-100 ppm, and increases fruit size at 200 ppm. Therefore, various auxin [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), NAA], auxin transport inhibitor (TIBA), cytokinins (KIN), gibberellin [gibberellic acid (GA3)], ABA, ethylene [(2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethrel; ethephon; CEPA)] and growth retardant (MH) have been applied to control the vegetative growth and to maximize yield of cucumber. Numerous obstacles have hindered the quality cucumber production in Nepal; like environmental stresses, biotic and abiotic constraints, pest and disease outbreaks, and many others. The use of exogenous plant growth regulators has been crucial to Nepali cucumber producers as plant growth regulators has hasty effect on vegetative as well as the quality yield of plants. This study aims to reveal the suitable concentrations for the applications of growth regulators so that the use of such regulators is environmentally and toxicologically safe for both plants and the consumers.

scholarly journals Plant Growth Regulators Modify Fruit Set, Fruit Quality, and Return Bloom in Sweet Cherry

HortScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Irfan Ali Sabir ◽  
Xunju Liu ◽  
Songtao Jiu ◽  
Matthew Whiting ◽  
Caixi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Return Bloom

Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is a valuable fruit crop worldwide. Farmers’ incomes are closely related to fruit quantity and quality, yet these can be highly variable across years. As part of a broader project for optimizing fruit set and fruit quality in sweet cherries, this study was conducted to evaluate the potential of various plant growth regulators (PGRs) for improving fruit set and fruit quality. Cytokinins, gibberellins, auxin, and polyamines were used as treatments. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at full bloom to ‘Bing’ and three low-productivity genotypes, ‘Regina’, ‘Tieton’, and ‘PC8011-3’. We assessed the fruit set, fruit quality, and return bloom from each treatment. 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA) increased fruit set by 53% and 36% in ‘Bing’ and ‘Tieton’, respectively. The combination of gibberellin (GA)3 + GA4/7 was more effective for improving fruit set than other isomers of gibberellin alone. Cytokinin treatments had slight adverse effects or no effect on fruit set except for CPPU. In ‘PC8011-3’, both N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea (CPPU) and 4-CPA enhanced fruit set by ≈81% and 100% compared with untreated control. The response of cherry trees to polyamine sprays depended on the properties of the cultivars and the treatment concentration. Foliar application of GA3, GA4/7, or N-phenyl-N'-(1, 2, 3-thiadiazol-5-yl) urea (TDZ) in ‘Bing’ trees has negative effects on return bloom, whereas GA1 can increase the yield and flower buds. These results suggest that PGRs may have varied effects on sweet cherry fruit set and that more work is needed to develop practical programs for improving yield security.

Production Potential of Pigeon Pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] as Influenced by Crop Geometry and Plant Growth Regulators

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.U. Pawar ◽  
W.N. Narkhede ◽  
D.N. Gokhale ◽  
I.A.B. Mirza
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Chlormequat Chloride ◽  
Yield Parameters ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Source Sink ◽  
Crop Geometry

Background: Pigeonpea being highly branching and indeterminate growth habit responds very well to crop geometry. Hence to achieve potential yields, it is important to maintain optimum plant population which can effectively utilize available moisture, nutrients and solar radiation. The plant growth regulators are also known to enhance the source sink relationship and stimulate the translocation of photo assimilates, thereby increase the productivity. Methods: A field experiment was conducted at experimental farm of Agronomy Department, V.N.M.K.V., Parbhani during kharif season of 2018 and 2019. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four main plot treatments comprised of four crop geometries as 90 cm x 20 cm, 120 cm x 20 cm 60-120 cm x 20 cm and 75-150 cm x 20 cm and sub plot treatments were five treatments on foliar application of plant growth regulators i.e. NAA @ 40 ppm, Mepiquat chloride @ 50 g a.i. ha-1, Brassinosteroids @ 0.1 ppm, Chlormequat Chloride @ 75 g a.i ha-1 and control. Result: The crop geometry of 120 cm x 20 cm and 75-150 cm x 20 cm recorded higher values of all yield parameters followed by crop geometry of 60-120 cm x 20 cm. While the seed, straw and biological yield of pigeonpea as well as highest net realization of Rs. 72072 ha-1 was obtained with crop geometry of 60-120 cm x 20 cm followed by 90 cm x 20 cm. Among the plant growth regulators foliar application of Brassinosteroids @ 0.1 ppm (G3) tended to recorded higher yield parameters, seed yield and fertility coefficient of pigeonpea as well as highest net realization followed by foliar application of NAA @ 40 ppm.

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