scholarly journals Identifying Institutional Barriers and Enablers for Sustainable Urban Planning from a Municipal Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 11231
Author(s):  
Camilo A. Ramírez Rincón ◽  
João Santos ◽  
Leentje Volker ◽  
Robert Rouwenhorst
Keyword(s):  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Institutional Barriers ◽  
Barriers And Enablers ◽  
Urban Level ◽  
Development Approach ◽  
Motivation Model ◽  
National Governments

Steering towards a path of sustainability and resilience in urban environments depends greatly on effective institutions, governance and strategic planning. National governments are increasingly expanding municipal institutions’ mandates by delegating decision making on land-use planning and urban development to local and regional levels. This trend poses municipalities with a complex challenge of setting clear sustainability targets and lifting the institutional barriers inside and outside of their organisation. Based on the business motivation model (BMM), this study presents the results of a thematic analysis identifying barriers and enablers characterizing the institutional capacity base of a municipal organisation in the context of sustainability at an urban level. The results show that the most relevant barrier is the lack of standardisation in sustainability-related working practices, whereas the main institutional enablers relate to flexible working directives that promote the development of innovative projects. This points towards a strong need for a more integrated, dynamic and powerful development approach for sustainable urban areas on a local level.

scholarly journals Climate Change and Conservation Biology as it Relates to Urban Environments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Noll ◽  
Michael Goldsby
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Conservation Biology ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Urban Contexts

Climate change continues to have recognizable impacts across the globe, as weather patterns shift and impacts accumulate and intensify. In this wider context, urban areas face significant challenges as they attempt to mitigate dynamic changes at the local level — changes such as those caused by intensifying weather events, the disruption of critical supplies, and the deterioration of local ecosystems. One field that could help urban areas address these challenges is conservation biology. However, this paper presents the argument that work in urban contexts may be especially difficult for conservation biologists. In light of current climate change predictions, conservation biology may need to abandon some of its core values in favor of commitments guiding urban ecology. More broadly, this essay aims to reconcile the goals of restoration and conservation, by reconceptualizing what an ecosystem is, in the context of a world threatened by global climate change.

Inclusive Development through Municipal Governance: Issues and Prospects

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
Inderjeet Singh Sodhi ◽  
Ashish Jha
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
Inclusive Development ◽  
Municipal Governments ◽  
Development Approach ◽  
Contemporary Development

Since decades the debate is going on about development where social, economic, cultural political etc. In recent years, there has been a growing call for “inclusive development” to meet contemporary development needs and challenges. It is argued that although economic growth is necessary, but it is not sufficient on its own in improving the welfare of a population. The time demands for such a development approach which can ensure that benefits of growth are shared equitably across all parts of society, particularly large groups of vulnerable poor populations. In Indian context inclusion and exclusion have multiple dimensions as the country has lot of heterogeneity and diversity in terms of many things it may culture, language, beliefs, geographical location, educational status, caste, religion, creed, races etc. So, it is very common that the level or depth of inclusion and exclusion also differs in larger sense for example a large portion of Indian population living in rural areas and rest living in urban areas and apart from that there are some areas comes under union territories, autonomous council, tribal areas etc. Keeping in view, of this dynamics, each area people has different needs and concerns and their visualization and expectation of inclusion and exclusion also differs. Therefore, each area has different system of governance structure at local level as it has very important role to cater the needs and concerns of people. In this context, the research study explores the role and efficacy of municipal governments in ensuring inclusive development. The paper also highlights the major issues in the process and put forward suggestions.

Corporate Strategies in Food Retailing and Their Local Impacts: A Case Study of Cardiff

1996 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 1575-1602 ◽  
Author(s):  
C M Guy
Keyword(s):  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Local Property ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Food Retailing ◽  
Property Market ◽  
Corporate Strategies ◽  
Local Case

The development programmes of major grocery retailers in Britain have transformed the retail systems of many urban areas. Impacts upon patterns of consumer behaviour and shopping provision have been substantial. Although many writers have discussed retailers' changing corporate strategies and their implications for new store development, there is still a need for local case studies. In this paper, therefore, processes of change in grocery provision in Cardiff, a city of almost 300000 population, are examined, mainly over a recent twelve-year period. An initial burst of superstore development was accompanied by closures of many small grocery stores owned by multiple and cooperative organisations. Since about 1986, rates of new store development and of store closure have diminished. These changes were superimposed upon a longer term decline in independent food retailing. The question of trading impact is then investigated through associations over time and space of store openings and closures. Although some of the closures in this analysis appear to be explained, it is clear also that certain characteristics of the stores themselves (particularly size and location) were strongly related to the likelihood of closure. This in turn reflected corporate strategies for growth, repositioning, or retrenchment amongst the multiples concerned, mediated through the local property market and land-use planning policies. The conclusion is that the case study clearly exemplifies the impacts of recent events in British retailing, but that further studies are needed to build a comprehensive understanding of retail change at the local level.

London Carbon Emission Experiment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Humpage ◽  
Hartmut Boesch ◽  
Robbie Ramsay ◽  
Andrew Gray ◽  
Jack Gillespie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Modelling Framework ◽  
Zero Carbon ◽  
Set Up ◽  
National Governments

<p>Carbon emissions related to fossil-fuel use are particularly localized, with urban areas being the dominant contributor responsible for more than 70% of global emissions. In the future, the share of the urban population is expected to continue to rise, leading to further increased focusing of fossil-fuel related emissions in urban areas. Cities are also the focal point of many political decisions on mitigating and stabilization of emissions, often setting more ambitious targets than national governments (e.g. C40 cities). For example, the Mayor of London has set the ambitious target for London to be a zero-carbon city by 2050. If we want to devise robust, well-informed climate change mitigation policies, we need a much better understanding of the carbon budget for cities and the nature of the diverse emission sources underpinned by new approaches that allow verifying and optimizing city carbon emissions and their trends.</p><p>New satellite observations of CO<sub>2 </sub>from missions such as OCO-3, MicroCarb and CO2M, especially when used in conjunction with ground-based sensors networks provide a powerful novel capability for evaluating and eventually improving existing CO2 emission inventories. We will set up a measurement network up-and downwind of London using portable greenhouse gas (CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, CO) column sensors (Bruker EM27/SUN) together with UV/VIS DOAS spectrometers (NO<sub>2</sub>), which will be operated for extended time periods thanks to automatization of the sensors. The data acquired from the network will not only allow us to critically assess the quality of satellite observations over urban environments, but also to derive data-driven emission estimates using a measurement-modelling framework. In this presentation we will discuss the setup of the experiment, give a description of the sensors, and show some first observations obtained with the sensors.</p>

scholarly journals Analysis of spatial and environmental justice in three Mexican cities

2019 ◽  
Vol 277 ◽  
pp. 02014
Author(s):  
L Araujo-Alvarado ◽  
CY Ortega-Montoya ◽  
A Ávila-Galarza
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Environmental Justice ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
San Luis ◽  
San Luis Potosi ◽  
San Luis Potosí

The accelerated growth of cities in developing countries poses a challenge for urban planning such as guaranteeing the safety of all inhabitants from natural and anthropogenic threats. The objective of this study is to determine the urban areas and social sectors of three medium sized Mexican cities that are exposed to high risk activities. The results indicate that for the metropolitan area of San Luis Potosi, 57.6% of high risk activities are within the urban sprawl, while 100% are in the cities of Zacatecas and Fresnillo. In all three case studies, most of the activities studied are in areas with low and medium rates of marginalization. In San Luis Potosi, 4.1% are in areas with high and very high population density but none of the case studies showed a conglomeration of these types of risks in a determined area of the cities. A database of companies with high risk activities, regulated at a federal level, public became public in Mexico in 2014. This information is of great value at a local level to define the strategies of land use planning that guarantee access to environmental justice as well as effective prevention strategies and responses to chemical emergencies.

scholarly journals Participative Placemaking in Serbia: The Use of the Limitless GIS Application in Increasing the Sustainability of Universal Urban Design

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 5459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Stupar ◽  
Vladimir Mihajlov ◽  
Ksenija Lalovic ◽  
Ratka Colic ◽  
Filip Petrovic
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Level ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Concept Design ◽  
Android Application ◽  
Gis Application ◽  
Design For All

The 20th century brought about major social challenges related to civil and human rights, triggering changes in urban environments and gradually adjusting the spatial and functional performances of cities to the needs of all users. In this article, the concept of Universal Urban Design (i.e., “Design for All”) is regarded as a sustainable placemaking process which enables the higher accessibility and usability of cities for all people, regardless of their age or (dis)abilities. The pilot project “Creating Accessible Pedestrian Corridors by the Limitless GIS Application” conduced in Serbia from 2017 to 2019 by the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Belgrade and the Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) Limitless proposes an innovative approach to urban design. Based on information and communication technology (ICT) adaptation, it is focused on the alternative concept-design of buildings, provision of ICT-based infrastructure, socioeconomic integration of all users, and ultimately on overall urban sustainability. The main outcome of the project was the development of a Geographic Information System (GIS) android application and an e-platform for adaptive placemaking. The project also provides a set of accessibility criteria based on Universal Urban Design, criteria that enable the mapping of locations based on the type of use, a set of recommendations for identified problems, as well as a brief analysis of the latest technological solutions for overcoming detected physical barriers. The Limitless GIS android application differs from the existing ones since it primarily identifies two target groups: (1) people with disabilities who could upload necessary data by established criteria; and (2) employees in the public sector (city authorities and municipalities) in charge of planning alternative routes and setting priorities and investment costs based on the identified problems. Pilot results of the project have revealed that in the current Serbian practice, there is still a lack of planned, consistent and continuous movement routes in urban areas. Terrain configuration represents a serious limitation for people with disabilities, while lifting platforms are recognized as a better solution than ramps (both for paraplegics and quadriplegics), due to their higher efficiency and minimized spatial requirements. Therefore, the android application and e-platform presented in this article contribute to the detection of actual problems at the local level as well as to the overall improvement of planning/design practice in Serbian cities.

IMPACTS OF URBAN LAND USE ON CRIME PATTERNS THROUGH GIS APPLICATION

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Nazri Muhamad Ludin ◽  
Norsiah Abd. Aziz ◽  
Nooraini Hj Yusoff ◽  
Wan Juliyana Wan Abd Razak
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Land Use Patterns

Land use planning plays a crucial role in creating a balance between the needs of society, physical development and the ecosystem. However, most often poor planning and displacement of land uses particularly in urban areas contribute to social ills such as drug abuse and criminal activities. This research explains the spatial relationship of drug abuse and other criminal activities on urban land use planning and their implications on the society at large. Spatial statistics was used to show patterns, trends and spatial relationships of crimes and land use planning. Data on crime incidents were obtained from the Royal Malaysia Police Department whilst cases of drug abuse were collected from the National Anti-Drug Agency (AADK). Analysis of the data together with digital land use maps produced by Arnpang Jaya Municipal Council, showed the distribution of crime incidents and drug abuse in the area. Findings of the study also indicated that, there was a strong relationship between petty crimes, drng abuse and land use patterns. These criminal activities tend to concentrate in residential and commercial areas of the study area.

Impact of Elected Women Representatives of Panchayati Raj in Physical and Financial and Business Assets Development of Rural Women: A Study among the Rural Women’s of Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu[1]

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalaichelvi Sivaraman ◽  
Rengasamy Stalin
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Panchayati Raj

This research paper is the part of Research Project entitled “Impact of Elected Women Representatives in the Life and Livelihood of the Women in Rural Areas: With Special Reference to Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu” funded by University of Madras under UGC-UPE Scheme.The 73rd and 74th amendments of the Constitution of India were made by the government to strengthen the position of women and to create a local-level legal foundation for direct democracy for women in both rural and urban areas. The representation for women in local bodies through reservation policies amendment in Constitution of India has stimulated the political participation of women in rural areas. However, when it’s comes to the argument of whether the women reservation in Panchayati Raj helps or benefits to the life and livelihood development of women as a group? The answer is hypothetical because the studies related to the impact of women representatives of Panchayati Raj in the life and livelihood development of women was very less. Therefore, to fill the gap in existing literature, the present study was conducted among the rural women of Tiruvannamalai district to assess the impact of elected women representatives in the physical and financial and business development of the women in rural areas. The findings revealed that during the last five years because of the women representation in their village Panjayati Raj, the Physical Asset of the rural women were increased or developed moderately (55.8%) and Highly (23.4%) and the Financial and Business Asset of the rural women were increased or developed moderately (60.4%) and Highly (18.7%).

Diversity of organisms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip James
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Native Species ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
The Common ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Diversity Of Life

The focus of this chapter is an examination of the diversity of living organisms found within urban environments, both inside and outside buildings. The discussion commences with prions and viruses before moving on to consider micro-organisms, plants, and animals. Prions and viruses cause disease in plants and animals, including humans. Micro-organisms are ubiquitous and are found in great numbers throughout urban environments. New technologies are providing new insights into their diversity. Plants may be found inside buildings as well as in gardens and other green spaces. The final sections of the chapter offer a discussion of the diversity of animals that live in urban areas for part or all of their life cycle. Examples of the diversity of life in urban environments are presented throughout, including native and non-native species, those that are benign and deadly, and the common and the rare.

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