scholarly journals Car-Access Attractiveness of Urban Districts Regarding Shopping and Working Trips for Usage in E-Mobility Traffic Simulations

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 11345
Author(s):  
Florian Straub ◽  
Otto Maier ◽  
Dietmar Göhlich
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Traffic Flows ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Electrical Grid ◽  
Car Traffic ◽  
Conventional Models ◽  
The City ◽  
Traffic Simulations

With the continuous proliferation of private battery electric vehicles, the demand for electrical energy and power is constantly increasing. As a result, the electrical grid may need to be expanded. To plan for such expansion, information about the spatial distribution of the energy demand is necessary. This can be determined from e-mobility traffic simulations, where travel schedules of individuals are combined with an attractiveness rating of locations to estimate traffic flows. Typically, attractiveness is determined from the “size” of locations (e.g., number of employees or sales area), which is applicable when all modes of transportation are considered. This approach leads to inaccuracies for the estimation of car traffic flows, since the parking situation is neglected. To overcome these inaccuracies and fill this research gap, we have developed a method to determine the car-access attractiveness of districts for shopping and working trips. Our method consists of two steps. First, we determine the car-access attractiveness of buildings within a district based on the parking situation of each individual building and then aggregate the results at the district level. The approach is demonstrated for the city of Berlin. The results confirm that conventional models cannot be used to determine the car-access attractiveness of districts. According to these models, attractive districts are predominantly located in the city centre due to the large amount of sales areas or the large number of employees. However, due to the high density of buildings, only limited space is available for parking. Attractive districts rated according to our new approach are mainly located in the outer areas of the city and thus match the parking situation.

scholarly journals Mobilność w centrum średniego miasta w perspektywie możliwości wprowadzenia strefy płatnego parkowania – studium przypadku Tczewa

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 36-48
Author(s):  
Michał Adam Kwiatkowski ◽  
Grzegorz Pawlikowski
Keyword(s):  
City Centre ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Common Solution ◽  
Car Traffic ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
Paper And Pencil ◽  
High Level ◽  
The City ◽  
City Centres

Polityka parkingowa należy do ważniejszych wyzwań w rozwoju współczesnych miast w zakresie transportu. Jednym z narzędzi kształtowania tego zjawiska w miastach jest wprowadzanie stref płatnego parkowania, które mają zwiększać rotację pojazdów oraz zachęcać do korzystania z innych środków transportu w codziennych dojazdach. Jest to szczególnie ważne w kontekście centrów miast. Wdrażanie stref płatnego parkowania stanowi często stosowane rozwiązanie w dużych miastach, rzadziej w średnich i małych. Celem tego badania jest analiza sposobu docierania mieszkańców średniego miasta – Tczewa – do centrum (Starego Miasta) oraz ocena możliwości wprowadzenia strefy płatnego parkowania. Badanie przeprowadzono metodą ankiety, posługując się techniką PAPI (Paper and Pencil Interview), w którym zebrano 375 odpowiedzi. W przeprowadzonym badaniu ankietowym wykazano, że istnieje duży poziom akceptacji społecznej dla możliwości wprowadzenia strefy płatnego parkowania w analizowanym przypadku. W badaniu wykazano ponadto, że znaczną większość użytkowników centrum stanowią osoby docierające tam pieszo. Potwierdzono także, że mieszkańcy są skłonni nie tylko zapłacić za parkowanie w centrum miasta, ale także przejść pewien dystans pieszo od miejsca postojowego do celu podróży. Niniejsza praca może mieć charakter aplikacyjny i stanowić wskazówkę dla innych miast o podobnej wielkości i strukturze, które zamierzają wprowadzić strefę płatnego parkowania lub innego rodzaju ograniczenia ruchu samochodów. Mobility in the centre of a medium-sized city in the perspective of the prospective introduction of a paid parking zone – a case study of Tczew Parking policy is one of the more important challenges in the development of modern cities in terms of transport. One of the tools for shaping this policy in cities is the introduction of paid parking zones, which are intended to increase vehicle turnover and encourage the use of other means of transport for everyday commuting. This is particularly important in the context of city centres. The introduction of paid parking zones is a common solution in large cities, less so in medium-sized and small ones. The aim of this study is to analyse how residents of a medium-sized city – Tczew – travel to the centre (Old Town) and to assess the possibility of introducing a paid parking zone. The study was carried out through a survey, using the PAPI (Paper and Pencil Interview) technique, with 375 responses collected. It showed that there is a high level of public acceptance for the possible introduction of a paid parking zone in the case under consideration. The study also yielded that the vast majority of users of the centre are people who get there on foot. It was also confirmed that residents are not only willing to pay for parking in the city centre, but also to walk a certain distance from their parking space to their destination. This work can be applied as a guide to other cities of similar size and structure that intend to introduce paid parking zones or other types of car traffic restrictions.

Technical Economic Analysis of a Low Power Hybrid Wind-Solar System Grid Connected

2014 ◽  
Vol 704 ◽  
pp. 204-208
Author(s):  
Jorge Serván Sócola ◽  
Daniel Marcelo Aldana
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Electrical Grid ◽  
Sizing System ◽  
Residential House ◽  
The Government ◽  
Main Components

The main aim of this work is to develop a methodology that allows performing an economic technical analysis of an energy generation system in base to renewable sources, with the capacity to feed to an average residential house connected to the electrical grid. As a first step should be to determine the energy demand for a residential user of the study area. Later, it performs an analysis in steady state of the energetic resources, in order to evaluate the energetic potential and right-sizing system available for energy demand estimated. Once dimensioned, the system proceeds to select the main components that conform it, makes the calculations for the dimensioning of the electrical system, and selects the type of structures of support as well as the location with a better provision inside the location area. Following each step of this methodology, it has been selected like a better alternative: a wind turbine of 2 kW and four photovoltaic panels of 240 Wp like main energetic sources of the hybrid, which will produce a total of 4055.24 kWh yearly, covering the annual demand with an surplus energy of 609.64 kWh a year and to a cost of 0.361 $/kWh, which is higher than the average cost of the electrical energy inside the residential areas. What concludes by the economic-financial analysis, the need of a co-financing and a policy of incentives from the government that benefits to the small auto-producers to use renewable energy sources.

scholarly journals Compressed Air Energy Storage Installation for Renewable Energy Generation

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 02010
Author(s):  
Claudia Borzea ◽  
Iulian Vlăducă ◽  
Dan Ionescu ◽  
Valentin Petrescu ◽  
Filip Niculescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Compressed Air Energy Storage ◽  
Electrical Grid ◽  
Air Supply ◽  
Asynchronous Generator ◽  
Renewable Energy Generation

Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) installations are used for storing electrical power, under the form of potential energy from compressed air. The heat generated during compression can be stored to improve the efficiency of compression-expansion cycle. The solution presented consists of a 100 kW screw compressor driven by a 110 kW asynchronous three-phase motor. The compressor supplies air into vessels which store it until a high electrical energy demand arises. At that time, the compressed air is released into a 132 kW screw expander whose shaft spins a 132 kW asynchronous generator, producing electric power and supplying it into the electrical grid. Before expansion, the air must be preheated in order to avoid the freezing of expansion equipment. If the heat generated during compression is used for air preheating before expansion, the process is adiabatic. A demonstrative model of the installation is currently being developed, with the expander part being completed so far. The maximum power to be produced was calculated to be around 100 kW. During expander commissioning tests with air supply from a 250 kW high pressure compressor, a maximum generated power of 49.7 kW was attained, expected to be higher when releasing air from the reservoirs.

Solutions to the problem of safe pedestrian traffic flow in cities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Biliszczuk ◽  
Hanna Onysyk ◽  
Marco Teichgraeber ◽  
Robert Toczkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Car Traffic ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
Odra River ◽  
Existing Bridges ◽  
The City

<p>Heavy car traffic on main streets is nowadays a major problem of modern cities. In order to improve safety of pedestrians and cyclists and at the same time maintain fluent car traffic flow, a separation of those two traffic types may be desirable in some cases. This paper presents different possible solutions to this problem implemented in Polish cities.</p><p>Underpasses or footbridges across busy streets in urbanized areas can be an alternative to pedestrian crossings. Footbridges apart from ensuring safe communication, can be attractive architectural elements of urban space. The cable stayed footbridge in Jaworzno will not only facilitate safe pedestrian communication between a large housing estate and a sports hall, but is likely to become a landmark of the city.</p><p>An attractive proposal for pedestrians and cyclists moving along crowded and polluted streets are routes marked out on riverside areas. The footbridges connecting islands on the Odra River in Wrocław not only have enabled efficient communication, but also have changed the islands into easily accessible places of relaxation. Free communication along the river embankments intersected by busy routes can be facilitated by building additional passages under existing bridges. The subject of the competition in Poznań was a footbridge over the Warta River, located close to the historical part of the city. Its implementation, apart from the main function of connecting the university campus with the city centre, will create a great recreational place for students and all citizens.</p><p>An unusual supplement for traditional means of transport in urbanized area can be an aerial tramway line. “Polinka” cable car that connects both parts of the campus of Wrocław University of Science and Technology separated by the Odra River have turned out to be an unconventional and attractive alternative to a typical footbridge.</p>

scholarly journals Suburban Public Transport Network Optimization and Operation Strategy of the New Bus Station in Bratislava

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Car Traffic ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Bus Station ◽  
Bus Service ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

This article presented is aimed at identifying opportunities to improve the attractiveness of public transport, particularly that of the suburban bus service, thus providing for its precedence over individual car traffic in the city of Bratislava and its agglomeration in the Bratislava region. The subject is oriented to the impact of proposed changes in the transport operation and organisation from regional public transport point of view to the area adjacent to the city centre, especially in terms of the significant position of Mlynské Nivy Bus Station (MN Bus Station) which is now under complete rebuilding. The solution is shown how id possible to be a part of the integrated public transport services and the mylne zmýšľajúca competition among the operators especially state against private ones. Using the suburb lines as an express bus service on the area of the city is one of the possibility to operate pravisdelne during the all days in the city and not only to cover the rush hours.

scholarly journals Methodology for Estimating the Spatial and Temporal Power Demand of Private Electric Vehicles for an Entire Urban Region Using Open Data

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2081
Author(s):  
Florian Straub ◽  
Simon Streppel ◽  
Dietmar Göhlich
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Mobility Model ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Power Demand ◽  
Electrical Grid

With continuous proliferation of private battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in urban regions, the demand for electrical energy and power is constantly increasing. Electrical grid infrastructure operators are facing the question of where and to what extent they need to expand their infrastructure in order to meet the additional demand. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to develop an activity-based mobility model that supports electrical grid operators in detecting and evaluating possible overloads within the electrical grid, deriving from the aforementioned electrification. We apply our model, which fully relies on open data, to the urban area of Berlin. In addition to a household travel survey, statistics on the population density, the degree of motorisation, and the household income in fine spatial resolution are key data sources for generation of the model. The results show that the spatial distribution of the BEV charging energy demand is highly heterogeneous. The demand per capita is higher in peripheral areas of the city, while the demand per m2 area is higher in the inner city. For reference areas, we analysed the temporal distribution of the BEV charging power demand, by assuming that the vehicles are solely charged at their residential district. We show that the households’ power demand peak in the evening coincide with the BEV power demand peak while the total power demand can increase up to 77.9%.

Restricting Traffic into the City Centre: Has Madrid Central Been Effective to Reduce NO 2 Levels?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Salas ◽  
María José Pérez Villadóniga ◽  
Juan Prieto Rodríguez ◽  
Ana Russo
Keyword(s):  
City Centre ◽  
The City

What Makes a City Bikeable? A Study of Intercity and Intracity Patterns of Bicycle Ridership using Mobike Big Data Records

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-75
Author(s):  
Ying Long ◽  
Jianting Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Rating System ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Usage Frequency ◽  
Share Data ◽  
The City

This paper examines how mass ridership data can help describe cities from the bikers' perspective. We explore the possibility of using the data to reveal general bikeability patterns in 202 major Chinese cities. This process is conducted by constructing a bikeability rating system, the Mobike Riding Index (MRI), to measure bikeability in terms of usage frequency and the built environment. We first investigated mass ridership data and relevant supporting data; we then established the MRI framework and calculated MRI scores accordingly. This study finds that people tend to ride shared bikes at speeds close to 10 km/h for an average distance of 2 km roughly three times a day. The MRI results show that at the street level, the weekday and weekend MRI distributions are analogous, with an average score of 49.8 (range 0–100). At the township level, high-scoring townships are those close to the city centre; at the city level, the MRI is unevenly distributed, with high-MRI cities along the southern coastline or in the middle inland area. These patterns have policy implications for urban planners and policy-makers. This is the first and largest-scale study to incorporate mobile bike-share data into bikeability measurements, thus laying the groundwork for further research.

scholarly journals A Sizing Method for PV–Battery–Generator Systems for Off-Grid Applications Based on the LCOE

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1988
Author(s):  
Ioannis E. Kosmadakis ◽  
Costas Elmasides
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Diesel Generator ◽  
Levelized Cost Of Electricity ◽  
Sufficient Power ◽  
Battery Energy

Electricity supply in nonelectrified areas can be covered by distributed renewable energy systems. The main disadvantage of these systems is the intermittent and often unpredictable nature of renewable energy sources. Moreover, the temporal distribution of renewable energy may not match that of energy demand. Systems that combine photovoltaic modules with electrical energy storage (EES) can eliminate the above disadvantages. However, the adoption of such solutions is often financially prohibitive. Therefore, all parameters that lead to a functionally reliable and self-sufficient power generation system should be carefully considered during the design phase of such systems. This study proposes a sizing method for off-grid electrification systems consisting of photovoltaics (PV), batteries, and a diesel generator set. The method is based on the optimal number of PV panels and battery energy capacity whilst minimizing the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for a period of 25 years. Validations against a synthesized load profile produced grid-independent systems backed by different accumulator technologies, with LCOEs ranging from 0.34 EUR/kWh to 0.46 EUR/kWh. The applied algorithm emphasizes a parameter of useful energy as a key output parameter for which the solar harvest is maximized in parallel with the minimization of the LCOE.

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