scholarly journals Experiences of Polish Tourists Traveling for Leisure Purposes during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 11919
Author(s):  
Agata Balińska ◽  
Wioletta Olejniczak
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Food Services ◽  
Source Data ◽  
Tourism Services

The research presented in this paper examines the experiences of Poles traveling for leisure purposes in the summer season of 2020, taking into account the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study involved the analysis of source data, including statistical data, and a survey administered via the computer-assisted web interviewing (CAWI) method. The survey questionnaire was created on the Google platform. The link to the questionnaire was provided via social media to participants of travel groups in the period from 30 November 2020 to 15 February 2021. The sampling was purposive (included only travelers) despite efforts to maintain the gender balance; the proportion of women was higher. Therefore, caution must be applied when interpreting the results which may not be transferable. The survey included questions regarding the respondents’ travel behavior and risk perceptions. 433 correctly completed questionnaires were collected. The dataset was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Descriptive statistics measures and correlation coefficients were used in the analysis of the results. The study shows that some respondents decided against traveling because of the pandemic situation, while those who decided to travel adjusted their behavior by avoiding crowded places and resigning from traveling abroad. Compliance with hygiene standards in the area of tourism services varied, and was the highest in the case of accommodation services. Women rated hygiene standards in chain cafes statistically higher than men and younger people rated hygiene on public transport, trains, air transport and in fast food services higher than older people. The higher the tourism expenditure, the lower the assessment of sanitary standards in tour guide services, air transport and chain cafes decreased.

Comparing Coding Viewing and Recording Methods to Quantify Embedded Instruction Learning Trials

2022 ◽  
pp. 105381512110695
Author(s):  
Mackenzie K. Martin ◽  
Patricia A. Snyder ◽  
Brian Reichow ◽  
Crystal D. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Systematic Observation ◽  
Embedded Instruction ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Observation Systems ◽  
Pencil And Paper ◽  
Dependent Samples ◽  
Learning Trials

The purpose of this study was to examine the comparability of counts of embedded instruction learning trials when different methods of viewing and recording direct behavioral observations were used. In 13 classrooms, while videotaping embedded instruction implementation for a larger randomized controlled efficacy trial was occurring, teachers’ implementation of trials was coded in situ using pencil-and-paper methods. Videos were later coded using computer-assisted methods. Dependent-samples t tests, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, and additional score agreement calculations were conducted. Statistically significant differences were found in the estimates of trial frequency. Correlational analyses showed positive and strong relationships between the coding methods. Coding agreement was higher across the entire observation versus during 10-min continuous event blocks. In situ coding took significantly less time than video coding. Results provide empirical evidence for the advantages and disadvantages of common viewing and recording methods for quantifying behavior as part of systematic observation systems.

MIGRATION PROCESSES TO RURAL AREAS IN POLISH METROPOLISES

2021 ◽  
Vol XXIII (3) ◽  
pp. 20-31
Author(s):  
Jakub Hadynski ◽  
Natalia Genstwa ◽  
Karolina Józefowicz
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Data Presentation ◽  
Graphical Data ◽  
Source Data ◽  
Presentation Methods ◽  
Administrative Units ◽  
Source Materials

The research problem addressed in this paper includes the progress of suburbanization in selected Polish metropolises. The following core question was formulated: when did today’s suburbanization processes start, and what are the migration trends and targets of the population living at the dividing line between urban and suburban limits in Polish metropolises. Defined as such, the study field enabled formulating the objective of this research, which is to present the formation of new suburbanization processes in the largest metropolises in Poland. Considering the research problem and the defined objective, the authors analyzed the differences in demographic changes across the territory, and put these findings in the context of suburbanization and its stages. This allowed to determine the dynamics and targets of migration in the metropolises surveyed. Also, the changes were compared between the units covered, providing a basis for further considerations on suburbanization and for concluding whether these processes are cyclical in nature. The analyses relied on descriptive statistics methods and on graphical data presentation methods. The selected metropolises were delimited using QGIS Desktop 2.4.0 and adequate geometry (centroid) and geoprocessing (buffer) tools. This paper relies on source data in the form of shapefile vector layers presenting the boundaries of the administrative units considered (http://www.gugik.gov.pl/pzgik). Source materials included public statistical data and program documents developed at regional and sub-regional level. The study period is 1995-2018. In geographic terms, the study focuses on the selected metropolises of Poznań, Warsaw, Łódź, Wrocław, Krakow, Gdansk and Szczecin.

The Impact of Simplification in a Sequential Rule-Based Model of Activity-Scheduling Behavior

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke A L M G Moons ◽  
Geert P M Wets ◽  
Marc Aerts ◽  
Theo A Arentze ◽  
Harry J P Timmermans
Keyword(s):  
Decision Trees ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Activity Pattern ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Predictive Performance ◽  
Activity Scheduling ◽  
Sequential Model ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Sequential Rule ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this paper is to gain a better understanding of the impact of simplification on a sequential model of activity-scheduling behavior which uses feature-selection methods. To that effect, the predictive performance of the Albatross model, which incorporates nine different facets of activity–travel behavior, based on the original full decision trees, is compared with the performance of the model based on trimmed decision trees. The results indicate that significantly smaller decision trees can be used for modeling the different choice facets of the sequential model system without losing much in predictive power. The performance of the models is compared at three levels: the choice-facet level, the activity-pattern level (comparing the observed and generated sequences of activities), and the trip-matrix level, comparing the correlation coefficients that determine the strength of the associations between the observed and the predicted origin–destination matrices. The results indicate that the model based on the trimmed decision trees predicts activity-diary schedules with a minimum loss of accuracy at the decision level. Moreover, the results indicate a slightly better performance at the activity-pattern and the trip-matrix level.

Pesticide Residues in Food: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Misconceptions among Conventional and Organic Consumers

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (12) ◽  
pp. 2083-2089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Severine Koch ◽  
Astrid Epp ◽  
Mark Lohmann ◽  
Gaby-Fleur Böl
Keyword(s):  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Pesticide Use ◽  
Bodily Fluids ◽  
Legal Limits ◽  
Maximum Residue Levels ◽  
Food Quality And Safety ◽  
Residue Levels

ABSTRACT Pesticide use and pesticide residues in foods have been the subject of controversial public discussions and media coverage in Germany. Against this background, a better understanding of public risk perceptions is needed to promote efficient public health communication. To this end, this study captures the German public's perception of pesticide residues in foods. A representative sample of the population aged 14 years and older (n = 1,004) was surveyed via computer-assisted telephone interviewing on their attitudes and knowledge with regard to pesticide residues. Based on questions regarding their typical consumer behavior, respondents were classified into conventional and organic consumers to identify differences as well as similarities between these two consumer types. As assessed with an open-ended question, both organic and conventional consumers viewed pesticides, chemicals, and toxins as the greatest threats to food quality and safety. Evaluating the risks and benefits of pesticide use, more than two-thirds of organic consumers (70%) rated the risks as greater than the benefits, compared with just over one-half of conventional consumers (53%). Concern about the detection of pesticide residues in the food chain and bodily fluids was significantly higher among organic compared with conventional consumers. Only a minority of respondents was aware that legal limits for pesticide residues (referred to as maximum residue levels) exist, with 69% of organic and 61% of conventional consumers believing that the presence of pesticide residues in foods is generally not permitted. A lack of awareness of maximum residue levels was associated with heightened levels of concern about pesticide residues. Finally, general exposure to media reporting on pesticide residues was associated with more frequent knowledge of legal limits for pesticide residues, whereas actively seeking information on pesticide residues was not. The possible mechanisms underlying these findings are discussed.

Use of a Smartphone GPS Application for Recurrent Travel Behavior Data Collection

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (7) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joann Lynch ◽  
Jeffrey Dumont ◽  
Elizabeth Greene ◽  
Jonathan Ehrlich
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Completion Rate ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Household Travel Survey ◽  
Continuous Survey ◽  
Household Travel

Smartphone-based household travel survey (HTS) studies to date have typically followed the two-part survey process that has historically been used for paper, computer-assisted telephone interviewing, and online HTS. In this two-part survey process, households provide demographic data in a recruit survey (part one) and record trips in a travel diary (part two) often at a later date. The Metropolitan Council, the planning organization serving the Twin Cities metropolitan area in Minnesota, has conducted a pilot study for their cyclical HTS, the Travel Behavior Inventory (TBI), that is one of the first large-scale fields of an all-in-one smartphone HTS design. For the 2018 TBI pilot, the traditional two-part survey was merged into a continuous survey experience within a smartphone app. The TBI pilot used a split sample to test this all-in-one design against a traditional two-part smartphone survey design. For the all-in-one design, households were invited to sign in directly to the smartphone application instead of first recruiting online or by phone. The pilot results provide a direct comparison of the two-part and all-in-one designs at the household-, person-, and trip-levels. The results showed a lower overall recruit and completion rate for the all-in-one design but showed clear promise for increasing representation of younger and lower-income populations—traditionally hard-to-reach groups who completed at a higher rate with all-in-one. The authors discuss several factors which may have contributed to the lower overall completion rate and describe planned updates for future waves of the TBI aimed at improving overall response while maintaining the developments that have improved representation from hard-to-reach groups.

AUTOMATED VOLUMETRY OF POSTOPERATIVE SKULL DEFECT ON BRAIN CT

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (03) ◽  
pp. 1350033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke-Chun Huang ◽  
Chun-Chih Liao ◽  
Furen Xiao ◽  
Charles Chih-Ho Liu ◽  
I-Jen Chiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Symmetry Plane ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Volumetric Analysis ◽  
Ct Images ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Global Symmetry ◽  
Skull Defect ◽  
Defect Volume ◽  
Northern Taiwan

The volume of the skull defect should be one of the most important quantitative measures for decompressive craniectomy. However, there has been no study focusing on automated estimation of the volume from postoperative computed tomography (CT). This study develops and validates three methods that can automatically locate, recover and measure the missing skull region based on symmetry without preoperative images. The low resolution estimate (LRE) method involves downsizing CT images, finding the axis of symmetry for each slice, and estimating the location and size of the missing skull regions. The intact mid-sagittal plane (iMSP) can be defined either by dimension-by-dimension (DBD) method as a global symmetry plane or by Liu's method as a regression from each slices. The skull defect volume can then be calculated by skull volume difference (SVD) with respect to each iMSP. During a 48-month period between July 2006 and June 2010 at a regional hospital in northern Taiwan, we collected 30 sets of nonvolumetric CT images after craniectomies. Three board-certified neurosurgeons perform computer-assisted volumetric analysis of skull defect volume V Man as the gold standard for evaluating the performance of our algorithm. We compare the error of the three volumetry methods. The error of V LRE is smaller than that of V Liu (p < 0.0001) and V DBD (p = 0.034). The error of V DBD is significant smaller than that of V Liu (p = 0.001). The correlation coefficients between V Man and V LRE , V Liu , V DBD are 0.98, 0.88 and 0.95, respectively. In conclusion, these methods can help to define the skull defect volume in postoperative images and provide information of the immediate volume gain after decompressive craniectomies. The iMSP of the postoperative skull can be reliably identified using the DBD method.

An air transport model for Trinidad and Tobago

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-84
Author(s):  
J. R. Underwood
Keyword(s):  
Trinidad And Tobago ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Air Travel ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Descriptive Model ◽  
Proxy Variable ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
Per Capita

Trinidad and Tobago is undergoing substantial economic growth resulting from petroleum revenues, the volume of transportation (including air travel) thus expanding rapidly. It is essential, therefore, to provide estimates of future traffic to allow sensible planning to be undertaken. Previous modelling work in this region has tended to be extrapolative. This paper describes work undertaken to evaluate the underlying causal relationships influencing the volume of air travel to the small (population 1.1 millions) twin-island Caribbean republic and to build a descriptive model. The well-tried method of multiple regression analysis was used. Locally available statistical data were utilized, the analysis revealing that airfare, per capita income, and population were the main influencing factors. Cultural ties between zones were taken into account, postwar migration emerging as a proxy variable to accommodate this. Backward projections were made using the calibrated equation and intuitively reasonable forward projections were derived. The paper contains as examples detailed descriptions of the results relating to four of the links studied as well as a presentation of overall results. The technique appears appropriate both to a rapidly changing economic environment and to small nations (for example, other Caribbean islands) in deriving projections for the design of air transport facilities and the planning of services.

scholarly journals Time Transition of Routines in Fast Food Consumption-Importance to Public Health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akansha Khare ◽  
Chandra Pal Sharma ◽  
Neelu Jain Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Food Quality ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Health Awareness ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Cross Sectional

Introduction: Fast Food (FF) consumption reduces the nutritional quality of daily diet. FF is even more detrimental to human health, if preferred during night-time meals, because metabolism is slower at end of the day. Quality of food and time of eating are nutritional determinants of the health. Aim: To study the association of anthropometric and societal factors such as age, Body Mass Index (BMI), health awareness with frequency of FF and preference for meal timings. Materials and Methods: Through a cross-sectional Google-form food preference survey of 2887 people, it was sought to uncover a possible association between the perception and frequency of FF and preference for mealtimes. Unadjusted associations of people’s eating preferences with age, BMI and health awareness with FF intake was analysed using Spearman’s correlation coefficients, Cronbach’s α, Eigen values, odd ratios, relative risk factors and χ2-tests. Results: The high odd ratio revealed greater FF popularity in adolescents and children as compared to adults. Principal component analysis revealed four important factors (Eigen value >0.9; factor weight >12%) viz., age, busy life, body weight and weekend drive. Taking FF as a food quality index, there was food quality jetlag between week days and weekends. Psychometric analysis revealed a positive association between preferred mealtime and FF intake. Conclusion: Mealtimes regulate the human circadian system; therefore, health consequences of FF consumption ensconce other determinants of public health like night eating and lifestyle. The deteriorating effects of FF are associated with circadian disruption. More research is needed to highlight associativity of different lifestyle factors detrimental to circadian health.

scholarly journals Soil geochemistry of the municipality necropolis of Mata, RS, by fluorescence of x-rays by dispersive energy

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e11
Author(s):  
Cristiane Heredia Gomes ◽  
Diogo Gabriel Sperandio ◽  
Guilherme Pazinato Dias ◽  
Arthur Pedroso Viçozzi
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Simultaneous Increase ◽  
Ionic Exchange ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Soil Geochemistry ◽  
Weathered Soil ◽  
Exchange Effects ◽  
Brazilian Soils

The objective of this study was to detect the environmental impacts generated by the municipal Mata cemetery. In order to aid in the detection and monitoring of the area were used granulometric and chemical terms through EDXRF the study of soil. Considering the results obtained it is concluded that the soil analytical results showed presence of metals in all analyzes, but with levels below the maximum permitted values of metals in Brazilian soils. The Cd was an exception, for this metal values above 0.6 mg kg-1 were found. The clay/silt ratio less than 1.5 in the investigated samples indicates a more weathered soil on the surface than at depths of 30 cm in the cemetery area. Statistical data estimate highly significant Mg, Cl, Al, Fe, K, Ti and Rh factor loads on the surface and at depths, K, Ca, Cl, Al and Mg are the most important. The main ion exchanges correlate with the correlation coefficients found within the same order. Therefore, it is possible that the simultaneous increase or decrease in the cations is the result, mainly, of ionic exchange effects in the mineral assembly of the sediments investigated.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document