scholarly journals Enhancing the Method of Decentralized Multi-Purpose Reuse of Wastewater in Urban Area

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 13553
Author(s):  
Saeid Ghafoori ◽  
Hossein Hassanpour Darvishi ◽  
Hossein Mohamadvali Samani ◽  
Pezhman Taherei Ghazvinei
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
First Case ◽  
Water Scarce

The reuse of treated wastewater is attractive as a communal source of excess water source in water-scarce counties and nations. The expansion of the urban population and the increase in the coverage of water supply networks and sewage networks will raise the amount of municipal sewage. This can turn into a new-fangled water resource. In the current research, the new campus city was selected as the first case study to design a wastewater reuse and recycling system. Accordingly, one of the most important innovations in the proposed research is the unique applied dimensions, in addition to its first-time performance, and the application of the Geo-land method in wastewater recycling as the theoretical dimension of the design. Clustering the decentralized reuse of wastewater for urban areas showed that significant parts of residential areas are located in the first high priority group. Urban planners can consider the results in establishing a comprehensive plan to prioritize the decentralized use of wastewater in the urban area.

Wastewater Reuse for River Recovery in Semi-Arid Israel

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Juanico ◽  
Eran Friedler
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Management ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Pollution Impacts ◽  
Semi Arid

Most of the water has been captured in the rivers of Israel and they have turned into dry river-beds which deliver only sporadic winter floods. In a semi-arid country where literally every drop of water is used, reclaimed wastewater is the most feasible water source for river recovery. Two topics are addressed in this paper: water quality management in rivers where most of the flowing water is treated wastewater, and the allocations of reclaimed wastewater required for the recovery of rivers and streams. Water quality management must consider that the main source of water to the river has a pollution loading which reduces its capability to absorb other pollution impacts. The allocation of treated wastewater for the revival of rivers may not affect negatively the water balance of the region; it may eventually improve it. An upstream bruto allocation of 122 MCM/year of wastewater for the recovery of 14 rivers in Israel may favor downstream reuse of this wastewater, resulting in a small neto allocation and in an increase of the water resources available to the country. The discharge of effluents upstream to revive the river followed by their re-capture downstream for irrigation, implies a further stage in the intensification of water reuse.

scholarly journals Characterization of clogging deposits in an irrigation pipeline and effect of post-aeration on clogging potential of tertiary-treated wastewater

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajar Benlouali ◽  
Ilham Karmal ◽  
Moulay Cherif Harrouni ◽  
Jaafar Ghanbaja ◽  
Dario Frascari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Water Scarce

Abstract In Agadir, a water-scarce Moroccan region, municipal and industrial wastewater is tertiary-treated to be reused in golf courses. Wastewater reuse has been constrained by severe clogging of emitters, which caused technical and financial problems. This study aimed to perform an in-depth characterization of the TWW in relation to its susceptibility to cause clogging, and to assess the capacity of an aeration post-treatment to reduce the clogging potential. The post-treatment consisted of injecting different airflows (0–33 L/(h Lreactor) into the TWW. The structural, morphological and elemental composition of the clogging matter collected in the irrigation pipeline was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. The 15-day aeration post-treatment at 16.5 L/(h Lreactor) presented the best cost–benefit ratio. Organic matter was totally degraded. Calcium was reduced by 9%, bicarbonates by 54%. The analysis of the deposits induced by the aeration post-treatment revealed a relevant decrease of the major constituents of the clogging deposits found in the irrigation pipeline. The results show the effectiveness of post-aeration in biodegrading residual organic matter and precipitating several salts, thus reducing the clogging potential.

scholarly journals Safety Level Of Pedestrian In Urban Area

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 335
Author(s):  
Prima Juanita Romadhona
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Conflict Analysis ◽  
Speed Limit ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Road Sign ◽  
Traffic Conflict

There are other road users who have high rates involvement as victims of accidents, namely vulnerable road users such as pedestrians. The study concern to find out the safety level and facilities of pedestrians. This study takes place within official and residential areas with high pedestrians mobility. Furthermore, traffic conflict analysis used as the method to measure the safety level of pedestrians. From the survey results, urban areas especially in study case is not equipped with safety facilities for pedestrians such as pedestrians crossing, road sign, mark, speed limit for vehicles, and 70% serious traffic conflict lead to potential accident which involving pedestrians. The result proves low safety level for pedestrians in urban area. As the recommendation, land use and innovation in pedestrians safety facilities installation is needed such as combination of zebra cross, speed limit, sign, mark, and speed hump to reduce vehicle speed when approaching the crossing facilities.Keywords: pedestrians safety, traffic conflict analysis Terdapat pengguna jalan lain yang memiliki angka keterlibatan yang tinggi sebagai korban kecelakaan, yaitu pengguna non kendaraan bermotor seperti pejalan kaki. Kajian ini mengenai tingkat pelayanan keselamatan dan fasilitas bagi pejalan kaki. Kajian ini mengambil lokasi wilayah perkantoran dan wilayah pemukiman dengan mobilitas pedestrian yang tinggi. Selanjutnya, digunakan analisis konflik lalu lintas sebagai metode pengukuran tingkat keselamatan responden. Dari hasil survey, kawasan perkotaan dalam studi kasus tidak difasilitasi dengan fasilitas keselamatan bagi pejalan kaki yaitu tidak adanya batasan kecepatan bagi kendaraan bermotor serta tetjadinya 70% konflik serius yang mengarah kepada potensi kecelakaan selama jam pengamatan yang melibatkan pejalan kaki. Diperlukan penanganan bagi keselamatan pejalan kaki yaitu pemanfaatan tata guna lahan dan pemasangan fasilitas keselamatan seperti zebra cross, pembatasan kecepatan, rambu, marka, dan speed hump untuk mengurangi kecepatan kendaraan bermotor yang akan melewati fasilitas penyeberangan. Kata Kunci: keselamatan, pejalan kaki, analisis konflik lalu lintas

scholarly journals UTILIZATION OF NARROW LAND WITH VERTICULTURE TECHNIQUES IN URBAN AREA

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Rudi Hartono ◽  
Kansih Sri Hartini ◽  
Agus Purwoko
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Water Spinach ◽  
Land Using

Urban areas are generally in the form of housing with narrow land. The purpose of this activities was to use narrow land for farming with verticulture techniques. The activity was held in Puri Zahara 1 Residence, Medan Tuntungan District. which is a residential area with narrow land. The method used was to provide training to housewife to be able to utilize the land with verticulture techniques. Housewives was briefed in order to be able to use the land using existing materials, especially verticulture techniques. The material used in verticulture techniques was paralon. The result of this dedication is that the community can utilize small land, especially in residential areas with verticulture techniques to plant flowers or vegetable crops, so that the house becomes greener and livelier. With this verticulture technique, more vegetable or fruit crops can be planted.  some plants planted include lettuce, water spinach, flowers

scholarly journals Motivators for treated wastewater acceptance across developed and developing contexts

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacelyn Rice ◽  
Rhian Stotts ◽  
Amber Wutich ◽  
Dave White ◽  
Jonathan Maupin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Ecological Conservation ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Willingness To Use ◽  
Motivating Factor

Abstract As water scarcity increases, we must turn to underutilized sources such as treated wastewater. While work has been done on barriers to public acceptance, less work has been undertaken to explore motivations that may incentivize adoption of this potential water source. Using data collected from respondents in four global sites (in Guatemala, Fiji, New Zealand, and Spain), we (1) analyzed how four motivators (cost, current and future water shortages, and ecological conservation) influenced respondents' willingness to use treated wastewater and (2) examined if respondents' willingness varied across contexts based on the level of wastewater treatment available. Despite a focus in previous research on the role of reducing cost and providing economic incentives for wastewater reuse adoption, cost was broadly the least motivating factor while ecological conservation and future water shortages were the two strongest motivators across all sites. Additionally, respondents in sites with low levels of wastewater technology were more likely to express a willingness to use treated wastewater given any motivator.

scholarly journals First report of rabies in vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) in an urban area, Ubatuba, São Paulo state, Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 389-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Ferraz ◽  
Samira Maria Achkar ◽  
Ivanete Kotait
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Direct Immunofluorescence ◽  
Desmodus Rotundus ◽  
Viral Isolation ◽  
Control Center ◽  
First Case ◽  
Vampire Bats ◽  
Rabies Diagnosis

The purpose of this report is to record the first case of a hematophagous bat (Desmodus rotundus) infected with rabies virus in an urban area in Brazil. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first such case in Latin America. After discovering a bat in his garden at 10 o'clock in the morning, a resident of Ubatuba municipality asked the Zoonosis Control Center team to visit his home. The animal was caught alive on the same day and sent to the Pasteur Institute laboratory, where it was identified as a Desmodus rotundus specimen. Standard tests for rabies diagnosis were carried out (direct immunofluorescence and viral isolation), and the results were positive. The presence of different species of (primarily insectivorous) bats in urban areas represents a serious public health problem. This case, however, is indicative of a much greater risk because the species in question has hematophagous habits, what means this animals has a low energy reserves and, therefore, its need to feed daily.

Optimized plan of centralized and decentralized wastewater reuse systems for housing development in the urban area of Xi'an, China

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 969-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. C. Wang ◽  
R. Chen ◽  
Q. H. Zhang ◽  
K. Li
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Housing Development ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
System L ◽  
Treated Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Centralized System

In an arid and water deficient urban area, such as Xi'an in the northwest region of China, gardening and forestation often use large amounts of tap water. Therefore, there is a need for treated wastewater reuse for such purpose to mitigate urban water shortage, especially in the newly developed housing area, where a high green coverage is often required for both commercial value and living condition improvement. Supply of the treated wastewater through a centralized system which has been planned and partially constructed is one measure to meet such need, but it may require an extension of the distribution system for a full coverage of the whole city area. A supplementary measure is to construct decentralized wastewater treatment and reuse (DESAR) systems in areas that are distant from the planned centralized system. In order to optimize the plan of wastewater reuse for housing development in the urban area, the authors analyzed the existing plan of centralized wastewater reuse and the envisaged plan of housing development in Xi'an urban area. A method was proposed for selection of a feasible way of reclaimed water reuse from two options, namely centralized and decentralized ones, by introducing a critical distance L0 which depends on the relationship between the cost for DESAR system installation and that for water delivery pipeline construction. If the distance from the project site to the nearest access point of the centralized system L is shorter than L0 then using reclaim water from the centralized system becomes more feasible, and otherwise DESAR system installation becomes more feasible. A distribution map was thus obtained to show an optimized plan of centralized and decentralized wastewater reuse systems for housing development in Xi'an city. An example was also given to show the advantage of a DESAR system installed.

scholarly journals Comparison of O3, NO, NO2 concentrations and meteorological parameters in urban, sub urban and rural residential area

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Nur Fatihana Junaidi ◽  
Norrimi Rosaida Awang ◽  
Amni Umirah Mohamad Nazir ◽  
Hasifah Abdul Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Quality Guidelines ◽  
Air Quality Guidelines

Ozone (O3) have many adverse impacts toward the living human, environment and O3 formed through the photochemical reaction with the aid of sunlight. Therefore, this study focused on the determination of O3, nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations and meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity, wind speed and wind direction) three residential area namely Taman Tun Dr Ismail Jaya, Selangor as the urban area, Taman Delima, Sungai Petani, Kedah as the sub urban area and Taman Kifayah, Jeli, Kelantan as the rural area. The monitoring were continuously done for three days in 24 hours from 12 a.m. until 12 a.m. per day at each site. Aeroqual S500 series and weather station model RK900-01 were used to measure O3, NO, NO2 concentrations and meteorological parameters. The concentration of O3, NO, NO2 and the meteorological parameters were determined and O3 concentration was compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Among the studied areas, the highest mean O3 concentration was recorded in Taman Delima, Sungai Petani with 35.2 ppb followed by Tun Dr Ismail Jaya with 33.3 ppb. Result suggested that sub urban areas showed higher mean O3 concentration compared to urban area which might linked to the availability of the O3 precursors in the area. As expected, the lowest mean O3 concentration recorded at Taman Kifayah, Jeli with 12.1 ppb as the area have limited O3 precursor’s sources. However, the ozone concentration at three residential areas were still under permissible level according to Recommended Malaysia Ambient Air Quality Guidelines (RMAAQ).

scholarly journals Environmental consequences of the urban sprawl in the suburban zone of Nitra: An analysis based on landcover data

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-220
Author(s):  
Tamás Hardi ◽  
Gabriela Repaská ◽  
Ján Veselovský ◽  
Katarína Vilinová
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Central European ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Almost Everywhere ◽  
Characteristic Features

One of the most important territorial processes in the highly urbanised continent of Europe is suburbanisation, urban sprawl which occurs in a gradual manner over long periods and is not perceived as dramatic. Nevertheless the built-up urban areas and the urban lifestyle occupy step by step the periurban territories. Urban sprawl affects the essential environmental, economic and social functions of the impacted settlements. In the last decades these processes reached the less urbanised Central European region, leading to very fast and less planned changes in its settlement system. The research deals with these processes in the Central European non-metropolitan areas, around regional centres, and with their environmental impacts. The aim of this paper is, based on theoretical and empirical knowledge, to point out to spatial patterns of urban sprawl and suburbanisation in functional urban areas (FUA). This paper examines the urban sprawl and its impacts in Slovakia in the case of Nitra Functional Urban Area, in the agglomeration of an economically growing regional centre. The research is based on standard geographical methods including field research. Desktop and field empirical researches were conducted, with different methods such us GIS analysis of land use change. The analysis shows then to what extent cities and urban areas grow, from which one can conclude to how landscape surrounding the urban residential areas has changed, how the proportion of non-permeable surfaces increased, basically influencing the runoff of precipitation. The data demonstrate, moreover, how artificial patches and barriers fragment landscape more and more, endangering thereby biodiversity and decreasing green surfaces. The examination covers the 2000-2018 period, using the CORINE CLC 2000, 2006, 2012 and 2018 databases. Thereby the authors are able to examine changes in a longer period of almost two decades, and three internal periods. All this is compared to the demographic changes of the urban area of Nitra as well, in order to see to what extent the change in the number of population contributes to the transformation of land cover and thereby to environmental impacts. The characteristic features of Nitra and its hinterland within this are analysed, then the Nitra FUA and within that the suburban zone is examined in detail. Nitra and its area feature high enlargement dynamics looking at the whole of the period, compared to other FUAs. It is typical almost everywhere that the enlargement of areas surrounding cities is more intensive than the growth of the city itself, which demonstrates general suburbanisation.

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