scholarly journals Modeling Urban Road Scenarios to Evaluate Intersection Visibility

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 354
Author(s):  
Keila González-Gómez ◽  
Derrick K. Rollins ◽  
María Castro
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Sustainable Mobility ◽  
Urban Road ◽  
Road Design ◽  
Sight Distance ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Impact

Road safety is key to sustainable mobility. Rapid technological advances have allowed several road safety-related analyses, previously performed in situ, to be conducted virtually. These virtual analyses benefit understanding of how roads operate and how users perceive them. Additionally, they facilitate the assessment of several parameters that are fundamental to road design and operation. The available sight distance (ASD) is one of these parameters that, if not provided adequately, could alter the proper functioning of roads. This study presents a framework to assess the impact of certain features on visibility. First, the ASD is estimated using a geographic information system (GIS)-based procedure with LiDAR-derived three-dimensional (3D) models. Afterward, obstructions are detected and categorized. If the obstruction cannot be removed, their redesign or relocation is simulated to re-run the analysis. These simulations are performed using 3D city objects, and their results are statistically evaluated, providing evidence as to their effects on visibility. The results proved that the procedure helped achieve the efficient use of roadside space, while including safety concerns. Additionally, this study reflects the need for more inspections on the impact of on-street parking on drivers’ fields of view.

scholarly journals AN EVALUATION OF AIRPORT WAYFINDING AND SIGNAGE ON SENIOR DRIVER BEHAVIOUR AND SAFETY OF AIRPORT ROAD ACCESS DESIGN

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-129
Author(s):  
Nur Khairiel Anuar ◽  
Romano Pagliari ◽  
Richard Moxon
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Driver Behaviour ◽  
Driving Behaviour ◽  
Road Design ◽  
Driver Performance ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Car Driving

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of different wayfinding provision on senior driving behaviour and road safety. A car driving simulator was used to model scenarios of differing wayfinding complexity and road design. Three scenario types were designed consisting of 3.8 miles of airport road. Wayfinding complexity varied due to differing levels of road-side furniture. Experienced car drivers were asked to drive simulated routes. Forty drivers in the age ranges: 50 to 54, 55 to 59 and those aged over 60 were selected to perform the study. Participants drove for approximately 20 minutes to complete the simulated driving. The driver performance was compared between age groups. Results were analysed by Mean, Standard Deviation and ANOVA Test, and discussed with reference to the use of the driving simulator. The ANOVA confirmed that age group has a correlation between road design complexity, driving behaviour and driving errors.

scholarly journals On the ability of chemical transport models to simulate the vertical structure of the N<sub>2</sub>O, NO<sub>2</sub> and HNO<sub>3</sub> species in the mid-latitude stratosphere

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 12373-12401
Author(s):  
G. Berthet ◽  
N. Huret ◽  
F. Lefèvre ◽  
G. Moreau ◽  
C. Robert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transport Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Chemical Transport ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Transport Models ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Chemical Transport Models ◽  
Dimensional Version ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. In this paper we study the impact of the modelling of N2O on the simulation of NO2 and HNO3 by comparing in situ vertical profiles measured at mid-latitudes with the results of the Reprobus 3-D CTM (Three-dimensional Chemical Transport Model) computed with the kinetic parameters from the JPL recommendation in 2002. The analysis of the measured in situ profile of N2O shows particular features indicating different air mass origins. The measured N2O, NO2 and HNO3 profiles are not satisfyingly reproduced by the CTM when computed using the current 6-hourly ECMWF operational analysis. Improving the simulation of N2O transport allows us to calculate quantities of NO2 and HNO3 in reasonable agreement with observations. This is achieved using 3-hourly winds obtained from ECMWF forecasts. The best agreement is obtained by constraining a one-dimensional version of the model with the observed N2O. This study shows that modelling the NOy partitioning with better accuracy relies at least on a correct simulation of N2O and thus of total NOy.

scholarly journals Configuration of a Magnetic Cloud From Solar Orbiter and Wind Spacecraft In-situ Measurements

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Hu ◽  
Wen He ◽  
Lingling Zhao ◽  
Edward Lu
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Flux Rope ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Field Configuration ◽  
Magnetic Clouds ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Wind Spacecraft

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) represent one type of the major eruption from the Sun. Their interplanetary counterparts, the interplanetary CMEs (ICMEs), are the direct manifestations of these structures when they propagate into the heliosphere and encounter one or more observing spacecraft. The ICMEs generally exhibit a set of distinctive signatures from the in-situ spacecraft measurements. A particular subset of ICMEs, the so-called Magnetic Clouds (MCs), is more uniquely defined and has been studied for decades, based on in-situ magnetic field and plasma measurements. By utilizing the latest multiple spacecraft measurements and analysis tools, we report a detailed study of the internal magnetic field configuration of an MC event observed by both the Solar Orbiter (SO) and Wind spacecraft in the solar wind near the Sun-Earth line. Both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) models are applied to reveal the flux rope configurations of the MC. Various geometrical as well as physical parameters are derived and found to be similar within error estimates for the two methods. These results quantitatively characterize the coherent MC flux rope structure crossed by the two spacecraft along different paths. The implication for the radial evolution of this MC event is also discussed.

scholarly journals Towards Sustainability: New Tools for Planning Urban Pedestrian Mobility

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 9371
Author(s):  
Daniela Santilli ◽  
Mauro D’Apuzzo ◽  
Azzurra Evangelisti ◽  
Vittorio Nicolosi
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Decision Support Tools ◽  
Sustainable Mobility ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Support Tools ◽  
Multimodal Transport ◽  
The Impact

Background: Since the beginning of the new millennium, sensitivity towards the environment has been spreading globally. In fact, countries are adopting measures to develop new decision support tools that can evaluate the impact of interventions to promote and encourage sustainable mobility. To reduce the levels of pollution related to road traffic, policies that favor multimodal transport alternatives have been strengthened. This involves the combined use of public transport, cycling and walking paths, as well as sharing services where available. Regardless of the type of transport, the pedestrian component remains relevant in cities, even if the infrastructures are often not adequate to accommodate it and conflicts arise that must be managed. It is, therefore, necessary to assess the exposure to risk in terms of road safety. Methods: To this end, the work proposes a forecasting model to estimate the pedestrian flows that load the network. The methodology employs a hybrid approach that appears to better capture the movements of pedestrians. Results: By comparing the results of the model with the real data collected on the study area, satisfactory estimates were obtained. Conclusions: Therefore, this can be an effective tool to help road managers to evaluate the actions to protect vulnerable users.

scholarly journals Applications of Photogrammetric Modeling to Roman Wall Painting: A Case Study in the House of Marcus Lucretius

Arts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Kelly E. McClinton
Keyword(s):  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Wall Painting ◽  
Domestic Interiors ◽  
Roman Wall Painting ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Material Record

Across many sites in Italy today, wall paintings face particular dangers of damage and destruction. In Pompeii, many extant fragments are open to the air and accessible to tourists. While efforts are underway to preserve the precious few examples that have come down to us today, after excavation even new finds begin to decay from the moment they are exposed to the air. Digital photogrammetry has been used for the documentation, preservation, and reconstruction of archaeological sites, small objects, and sculpture. Photogrammetry is also well-suited to the illustration and reconstruction of Roman wall painting and Roman domestic interiors. Unlike traditional photography, photogrammetry can offer three-dimensional (3D) documentation that captures the seams, cracks, and warps in the structure of the wall. In the case of an entire room, it can also preserve the orientation and visual impression of multiple walls in situ. This paper discusses the results of several photogrammetric campaigns recently undertaken to document the material record in the House of Marcus Lucretius at Pompeii (IX, 3, 5.24). In the process, it explores the combination of visual analysis with digital tools, and the use of 3D models to represent complex relationships between spaces and objects. To conclude, future avenues for research will be discussed, including the creation of an online database that would facilitate visualizing further connections within the material record.

scholarly journals Design and Validation of a Holographic Particle Counter

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (22) ◽  
pp. 4899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg Brunnhofer ◽  
Alexander Bergmann ◽  
Andreas Klug ◽  
Martin Kraft
Keyword(s):  
Particle Number ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Particle Counter ◽  
Detection And Counting ◽  
Sampling Volume ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
The Impact

An in-line holographic particle counter concept is presented and validated where multiple micrometer sized particles are detected in a three dimensional sampling volume, all at once. The proposed PIU is capable of detecting holograms of particles which sizes are in the lower μ m- range. The detection and counting principle is based on common image processing techniques using a customized HT with a result directly relating to the particle number concentration in the recorded sampling volume. The proposed counting unit is mounted ontop of a CNM for comparison with a commercial TSI-3775 CPC. The concept does not only allow for a precise in-situ determination of low particle number concentrations but also enables easy upscaling to higher particle densities (e.g., > 30 . 000 # c c m ) through its linear expandability and option of cascading. The impact of coincidence at higher particle densities is shown and two coincidence correction approaches are presented where, at last, its analogy to the coincidence correction methods used in state-of-the-art CPCs is identified.

scholarly journals On the ability of chemical transport models to simulate the vertical structure of the N<sub>2</sub>O, NO<sub>2</sub> and HNO<sub>3</sub> species in the mid-latitude stratosphere

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 1599-1609 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Berthet ◽  
N. Huret ◽  
F. Lefèvre ◽  
G. Moreau ◽  
C. Robert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transport Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Chemical Transport ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Transport Models ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Chemical Transport Models ◽  
Dimensional Version ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. In this paper we study the impact of the modelling of N2O on the simulation of NO2 and HNO3 by comparing in situ vertical profiles measured at mid-latitudes with the results of the Reprobus 3-D CTM (Three-dimensional Chemical Transport Model) computed with the kinetic parameters from the JPL recommendation in 2002. The analysis of the measured in situ profile of N2O shows particular features indicating different air mass origins. The measured N2O, NO2 and HNO3 profiles are not satisfyingly reproduced by the CTM when computed using the current 6-hourly ECMWF operational analysis. Improving the simulation of N2O transport allows us to calculate quantities of NO2 and HNO3 in reasonable agreement with observations. This is achieved using 3-hourly winds obtained from ECMWF forecasts. The best agreement is obtained by constraining a one-dimensional version of the model with the observed N2O. This study shows that the modelling of the NOy partitioning with better accuracy relies at least on a correct simulation of N2O and thus of total NOy.

scholarly journals SIGHT DISTANCE ANALYSES IN ROAD DESIGN PROCESS: SERBIAN PRACTICE

Transport ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejan Gavran ◽  
Sanja Fric ◽  
Vladan Ilić ◽  
Filip Trpčevski
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Software Tools ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Operating Speed ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Design ◽  
Sight Distance ◽  
Road Geometry ◽  
Design Speed

New Serbian policies on road design introduce the concept of operating speeds. Decades ago, national policies were based on the constant design speed concept. Among other design parameters, in relation to that constant design speed, minimum radii of horizontal and vertical road geometry were determined. Introduction of the operating speed concept provides for more realistic prediction of speed levels along the road. Unlike the constant design speed, operating speed levels vary along the road, reaching higher levels in curves with larger radii, on straight sections and on reverse curves and dropping down to the design speed level in horizontal curves with the minimum radius. Consequently, besides a constant Stopping Sight Distance (SSD), which is calculated from the constant design speed, the new term, Required Sight Distance (RSD) is introduced. RSD varies along the road, as it is calculated from the operating speed, which also varies along the road. Appropriate RSD analyses are crucial on road rehabilitation projects, since a simple resurfacing that enables higher speed levels, without providing increased RSD, may hamper the safety of a newly resurfaced road. Software tools for predicting operating speed levels and optical analyses of the road are also presented in this paper. Software tools for RSD analyses enable the import of lines of sight into the 3D model of the roadway and their export into the cross sections extracted from the model, thus facilitating the obstacle removal. Also demonstrated are tools for determining Available Sight Distance (ASD), which are based on triangulated 3D models of the roadway as well.

scholarly journals Assessment of road safety parameters in the city of Kigali, Rwanda

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-219
Author(s):  
David Nkurunziza ◽  
Rahman Tafahomi ◽  
Irumva Augustin Faraja
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Geometric Parameters ◽  
Design Standards ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Road Crashes ◽  
Road Design ◽  
Sight Distance ◽  
Average Variance ◽  
Safety Parameters ◽  
The City

Increase in vehicular population has led to increase in road crashes. This is particularly very evident in low- and middle-income countries. Rwanda is no exception to this problem. While various factors influence the occurrence of a crash, it is argued that road design can make roads either safe or unsafe to drive. This research examines geometric parameters of roads in the City of Kigali, with emphasis on checking their safety parameters in comparison with design standards of AASHTO 2011. The case study of this research was „KN 123 St‟, a two-lane asphalt road located in the center of the City of Kigali. Road parameters like lane widths, curve radii, super-elevation, sight distances and slope grades were examined. The research found various areas of improvement, inconsistencies and non-conformities. The findings established a clear relationship between ignored safety parameters during design and construction, and road crashes that happened on specifically identified hazardous spots. For instance, there is an extreme abrupt change in lane widths over the whole length at a rate of 74%. Unsafe sharp curves make half of all evaluated horizontal curves. Curves with the smallest radii have already recorded many crashes. The study found that super-elevation values have been inadequately computed, designed, and constructed with an average variance of 5%. About 80% of assessed vertical curves had insufficient stopping sight distance and 90% of headlight sight distance likewise. Apart from geometric parameters, high operating speeds of car drivers and motorcyclists, lack of shoulders, lack of zebra crossings and left sidewalk were found as extra causes of traffic injuries. While widening of the road could potentially help meet most safety parameters, it is arguably expensive and unrealistic. Therefore, this study recommends speed governance, forgiving roadside features, traffic signalization, and road markings as tools to alert drivers where most crash-prone areas are. Keywords: Road safety, Geometric design, Safety assessment, Road Crashes, AASHTO 2011

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES IN 3D BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-5/W2 ◽  
pp. 65-69
Author(s):  
J. Suziedelyte Visockiene ◽  
E. Tumeliene
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Information Modeling ◽  
Corrected Image ◽  
Architectural Model ◽  
Building Information ◽  
The Impact

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The implementation of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in each project, which is planned, have a design and construction stages. In the construction stage the objects are modelled by architects, engineers, and surveyors. Modelling process allowed to construct a BIM, which replaces two-dimensional (2D) building information into a three-dimensional (3D). Noticed that 3D BIM created by surveyors is not the same as 3D BIM, which is created by architects. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the differences of the created 2D draftings made by 3D models between surveyors and architect’s. The surveyors make their model by using Unnamed Aerial Vehicle (UAV) system: Airborne Drone Data and Data photogrammetric processing technology. The 3D models accuracy is assessed by UAV images processing. The 3D information should be used to calculate façade geometry, volume, distances, contours, which are in the shadowed side of the house, and create 2D façade draftings. Traditionally, architects used 2D building’s façade draftings for pre-design in Construction Projects (CP). 3D architectural model is created by using structural 2D draftings created with Autodesk software. The architectural 3D model is more convenient for the general design and the visual view, it is easily to evaluate the impact of the changes that will be made. The 3D architectural model helps to finish a project at a low cost and also to evaluate the effect of the changes made. The 3D model from surveys measurements shows real view of an object (with deformations), meanwhile the 3D model from architects is a corrected image. Discrepancies between surveyors and architect’s 2D models made by 3D virtual reality (VR) are analysed in this article.</p>

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