scholarly journals The Research of Toxicity and Sensitization Potential of PEGylated Silver and Gold Nanomaterials

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 355
Author(s):  
Dong-Han Lee ◽  
Seo-Yoon Choi ◽  
Ki-Kyung Jung ◽  
Jun-Young Yang ◽  
Ja-young Jeong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Test Method ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Skin Sensitization ◽  
In Vivo Test ◽  
Gold Silver ◽  
Original Group

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a polymer used for surface modification of important substances in the modern pharmaceutical industry and biopharmaceutical fields. Despite the many benefits of PEGylation, there is also the possibility that the application and exposure of the substance may cause adverse effects in the body, such as an immune response. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the sensitization responses that could be induced through the intercomparison of nanomaterials of the PEG-coated group with the original group. We selected gold/silver nanomaterials (NMs) for original group and PEGylated silver/gold NMs in this study. First, we measured the physicochemical properties of the four NMs, such as size and zeta potential under various conditions. Additionally, we performed the test of the NM’s sensitization potential using the KeratinoSens™ assay for in vitro test method and the LLNA: 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-FCM for in vivo test method. The results showed that PEGylated-NMs did not lead to skin sensitization according to OECD TG 442 (alternative test for skin sensitization). In addition, gold nanomaterial showed that cytotoxicity of PEGylated-AuNMs was lower than AuNMs. These results suggest the possibility that PEG coating does not induce an immune response in the skin tissue and can lower the cytotoxicity of nanomaterials.

scholarly journals PRODUCTION AND FUNGICIDAL ACTIVITY ASSESMENT OF WOOD-WASTE LIQUID SMOKE

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 285-291
Author(s):  
Budy Rahmat ◽  
Dedi Natawijaya ◽  
Endang Surahman
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Wood Waste ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
In Vivo Test ◽  
Liquid Smoke

Liquid smoke is known to contain compounds that can control plant disease pathogens. This study aims to produce wood-waste liquid smoke and determine its effectiveness as a fungicide on plant pathogens. This research was conducted in two experimental stages, namely: (i) in vitro test as a preliminary test of the effectiveness of teak waste liquid smoke at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5%; and (ii) in vivo test was arranged in randomized block design consisting of seven levels of liquid smoke concentration, namely 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6%, each of which was repeated four times. The results showed that the pyrolysis of 1 kg of wood waste was produced with the proportions of liquid smoke, charcoal and tar, respectively: 312 mL, 31 g, 367 g and the uncondensed gases. Treatment of liquid smoke in the in vivo test showed that a concentration of 1 to 2.5% liquid smoke was able to suppress the growth of the pathogenic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii 100%. The treatment of liquid smoke in the in vivo test showed an effect on inhibition of the growth diameter of fungal colonies, suppressing the disease occurance, and suppressing the lesion diameter.

scholarly journals PEMANFAATAN TEPUNG PACI-PACI (Leucas lavandulaefolia) UNTUK MENGOBATI INFEKSI Aeromonas hydrophila PADA IKAN PATIN (Pangasius sp.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-176
Author(s):  
Menik Sri Rejeki ◽  
Ade Dwi Sasanti ◽  
Ferdinand Hukama Taqwa
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Feature ◽  
Natural Material ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
In Vivo Test ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Commercial Feed ◽  
Absolute Growth ◽  
Absolute Length

ABSTRACTMotile Aeromonas Septicaemia (MAS) is one of bacterial A. hydrophila disease frequently infecting freshwater fish include catfish (Pangasius sp.). Controling the disease of bacterial use chemical antibiotic will cause environment pollution. The aim of this research was to determine utilization of natural material that contain antibacterial such Leucas lavandulaefolia powder as antibacterial to treat of A. hydrophila infection for catfish. The implementation of research was from September until October 2014 at the Laboratorium Budidaya Perairan, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University and Laboratorium UPT Klinik Kesehatan Sriwijaya University. Research method was using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treat and three replications. The catfish was infected by A. hydrophila with clinical feature were (inflamed and hemorrhage) that give addition Leucas lavandulaefolia powder on commercial feed as many as 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%. The result showed that addition 10 % of Leucas lavandulaefolia powder on commercial feed was the best to treat of A. hydrophila infection for catfish were significant (P<0,05). In vitro test result showed that Leucas lavandulaefolia powder  at a concentration 10% as an antibacterial potential of A.hydrophila with inhibitor zone diameter 0.5 cm, at in vivo test the catfish that gives addition Leucas lavandulaefolia powder on commercial pellet as many as 10% capable hematocrit increase, reducing leucocyte completely, produce recovery percentage 84.44%, the survival rate 76.67%, highest absolute growth of catfish 3.03 g and higest absolute length of catfish 0.89 cm. Keywords : A. hydrophila, catfish, Leucas lavandulaefolia powder

scholarly journals Allergen Extraction: Factors Influencing Immunogenicity and Sensitivity of Immunoassays

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Ricardo Almeida Soares ◽  
Airton Pereira e SIlva ◽  
Isabelle Guimarães ◽  
Ana Luisa Oliveira ◽  
Claudia Regina Faccini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Impact ◽  
Protein Extraction ◽  
Protein Profile ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
In Vitro Test

Because of the high social impact of Food allergy, it is of great importance to correctly diagnose this disease using reliable tests. Knowledge of the allergenicity properties of proteins, how they react in the body and in diagnostic tests is necessary to adequately assess the potential immunogenicity of both natural foods and those produced through biotechnological processes. Thus, our aim was to analyze the factors that influence the protein extraction of foods in terms of, immunogenicity and immunoassays sensitivity. Peanut proteins were extracted using four distinct extraction buffers (physiological saline, tris buffer, borate buffer with and without β-mercaptoethanol), the protein concentration was determined by the Lowry method and polyacrylamide electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used to compare the protein profile of each extract. The immunogenicity of each extract was verified by sensitizing two mouse strains (Balb/c and C57/BL6) with solution containing 100μg of the extracted proteins and determined by ELISA. Results show that extraction with the distinct buffers resulted in protein solutions with different yields and profiles. The immunogenicity of the different extracts also demonstrated distinct patterns that varied depending on the extraction methods, mouse strain and in-vitro test. Immunoreactivity varied in accordance to the protein extract used to coat the microtitration plates. In conclusion, the protein profile in the extracts is critically influenced by the salt composition and pH of the extraction buffers, this in turn influences both in vivo immunogenicity and in vitro immunoreactivity.

scholarly journals Triticum aestivum in open skin wounds: cytotoxicity and collagen histopathology

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1547
Author(s):  
Mariana Teixeira Tillmann ◽  
Cláudia Beatriz De Mello Mendes ◽  
Geferson Fischer ◽  
Antonio Sergio Varela Júnior ◽  
Cristina Gevehr Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Skin Wounds ◽  
In Vivo Test ◽  
Collagen Formation

Phytoterapic compounds have been used in wound healing for many centuries. Nowadays, scientific evidences of phytotherapeutics is a requirement of the legislation. The scientific literature notes the need for healing topics yielding scars that are both aesthetically appealing and resistant. We aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of several doses of T. aestivum extract (2 mg mL-1, 4 mg mL-1, 6 mg mL-1, 8 mg mL-1 and 10 mg mL-1) in a fibroblast cell line and the healing process in an in vivo experimental model (New Zealand rabbits). For this, MTT test in 3T6 cells was performed in duplicates using MEM (0 mg ml-1) as negative control. Cell viability was calculated as: absorbance average in treatments/absorbance average in controls x 100. In vivo test was performed in 78 skin wounds in rabbits that were treated with 2 mg ml-1and 10 mg ml-1 of T. aestivum and non-ionic cream for 21 days. After this period, it was evaluated the histology using picrosorius and Gomori’s trichrome staining. Statistical analysis was evaluated using T test (Graphpad) for cytotoxicity assay, Fischer test for the gomori trichrome test (Grahpad) and Kruskal-Wallis (Statistic 9.0) for picrosirius test. The in vitro test resulted in cytotoxicity observed at 2mg mL-1 whereas cells were viable at higher doses. On the other hand, it was observed that collagen formation of wounds was more uniform with this dose than with 10mg mL-1 extract in the in vivo study. Thus, we conclude that the 2mg mL-1 T. aestivum aqueous extract dose was more efficient in the in vivo wound healing study, despite its cytotoxic effects in vitro.

Programming the anti-tumor immune response in vitro and its application to stop the growth of tumor cells and prolonging the lifespan of mice with carcinoma in vivo

2017 ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
С.В. Калиш ◽  
С.В. Лямина ◽  
А.А. Раецкая ◽  
О.П. Буданова ◽  
И.Ю. Малышев
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ehrlich Carcinoma ◽  
Ec Cells ◽  
Growth Of Tumor ◽  
Immune Response In Vitro

Цель - представить доказательства правомерности гипотезы, что комбинированный пул репрограммированных in vitro макрофагов и лимфоцитов будет эффективно ограничивать пролиферацию опухолевых клеток in vitro , а при введении в организм будет существенно ограничивать развитие опухоли in vivo . Методика. Размножение опухолевых клеток инициировали in vitro путем добавления клеток карциномы Эрлиха (КЭ) в среду культивирования RPMI-1640. Развитие асцитной опухоли in vivo воспроизводили путем внутрибрюшной инъекции клеток КЭ мышам. Результаты. Установлено, что M3 макрофаги вместе с антиген-репрограммированными лимфоцитами оказывают выраженный противоопухолевый эффект и in vitro, и in vivo , который был существеннее противоопухолевого эффекта цисплатина. Заключение. Факты, свидетельствующие, что М3 макрофаги в сочетании с in vitro антиген-репрограммированными лимфоцитами значительно подавляют рост опухоли in vivo , делают перспективным разработку клинической версии биотехнологии ограничения роста опухоли путем предварительного программирования противоопухолевого иммунного ответа «в пробирке». Aim. To test a hypothesis that a combined pool of in vitro reprogrammed macrophages and lymphocytes will effectively limit growth of tumor cells in vitro , and injections of these cells into the body will considerably limit development of a tumor in vivo . Methods. Tumor growth was initiated in vitro by addition of Ehrlich carcinoma (EC) cells to the RPMI-1640 cell culture medium and in vivo by intraperitoneal injection of EC cells into mice. Results. M3 macrophages in combination with antigen-reprogrammed lymphocytes exerted a pronounced antitumor effect both in vitro and in vivo, which was superior to the effect of cisplatin. Conclusion. M3 macrophages in combination with in vitro antigen-reprogrammed lymphocytes significantly inhibited the tumor growth in vivo . This fact justifies development of a clinical version of the tumor growth restricting biotechnology using pre-programming of the antitumor immune response in vitro .

RFID Pharmaceutical Tracking: From Manufacturer Through In Vivo Drug Delivery

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick Jones ◽  
Marcia Henry ◽  
David Cochran ◽  
Tara Frailey
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency Identification ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Test Method ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Supply Chain System ◽  
Pharmaceutical Supply Chain

Advances in medical technology rely heavily on the collection and analysis of measured data to facilitate patient diagnosis and business decisions. The healthcare industry, particularly pharmaceuticals and diagnostic processes, has an ongoing need to improve item tracking and data collection to improve the quality of care while reducing cost. The remote, non-invasive characteristics of radio frequency identification (RFID) can facilitate the information needs of healthcare without imposing additional burden onto the patient or the staff. Properly deployed RFID enabled devices can provide convenient and accurate data for disease diagnosis, evaluation of prescription noncompliance, and identification of medication dosage errors. This paper describes an overview of the concept of an all-encompassing RFID pharmaceutical tracking system that begins with compliance documentation from the drug manufacturer and continues through the confirmation of patient compliance by capsule extraction from the bottle into a pill case and ultimately ingested or inserted into the body. This system also facilitates compliance with Food and Drug Administration proposed e-pedigree requirements and provides data for healthcare decision making. An introduction to healthcare trends is provided in order to communicate the need for such a biocompatible RFID pharmaceutical tracking system. Also presented in this paper is the overall scope of research and in vitro test method to develop biocompatible RFID tag components for use in a “pharmaceutical supply chain system” beginning with the manufacturer, continuing through distribution, and ending at the point of interest within the patient’s body.

Critical Evaluation of an in Vitro Model for Evaluation of Platelet Reactivity of Biomaterials

1987 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Connolly ◽  
Norman Shoenfeld ◽  
Karen Ramberg ◽  
Allan D. Callow
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Platelet Reactivity ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Test Material ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Vitro Model

AbstractAn in vitro model for measuring platelet reactivity to a variety of biomaterial candidates for vascular grafts is described. A model consisting of a standard area of test material exposed to freshly labeled In platelets in plasma was evaluated. The platelets were isolated from ACD anticoagulated blood and resuspended in ACD plasma. It has been previously demonstrated that platelets so treated circulate in the body and will deposit on biomaterials exposed to the blood in vivo. The in vitro test consisted of an incubation of the platelets and materials at 37°C for one hour. At the end of the incubation, the platelet rich plasma was removed and the materials washed and removed for gamma counting. Platelet reactivity was normalized as a percentage of the counts on the material to counts in an aliquot of the platelet-plasma incubation media. The maximum uptake of platelets occurred within one hour. Platelets from three species, human, baboon, and dog were tested. Platelet uptake by Dacron and PTFE were in the range of 30–40% and 1–5% respectively. This is in accord with the known reactivity of these two vascular graft materials in vivo.A second series of studies were conducted with physically and pharmacologically inactivated platelets and inert particles. Those studies suggest that the initial results do not represent a biologic event but may reflect the porosity of the materials. This emphasizes the necessity of adequately defining an in vitro model against known in vivo activity.

scholarly journals Prick, patch or blood test? A simple guide to allergy testing

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Leelavathi Muthupalaniappen ◽  
Adawiyah Jamil
Keyword(s):  
Test Method ◽  
Type I ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Delayed Reaction ◽  
Allergy Testing ◽  
Prick Test ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Allergy Test

This article provides information on allergy testing and serves as a simple guide for physicians who are considering using allergy testing as a step in patient management. Basic principles of allergy testing, indications for testing, and how and when to choose a suitable allergy test are discussed. Allergy testing in general refers to evaluation of either type I or type IV hypersensitivity reactions. The type I (immediate) reaction is evaluated using the skin prick test (in vivo) or serum IgE (in vitro) test methods, while the type IV (delayed) reaction is determined via the skin patch test method. The allergens responsible for a specific reaction can be identified from allergy testing, and this information is useful in administering avoidance measures. Appropriate treatment of allergic reactions along with allergen avoidance ensure a successful treatment outcome and prevent future reactions.

scholarly journals EFEKTIVITAS SENYAWA NONATSIRI DARI Curcuma spp. TERHADAP PENEKANAN PENYAKIT ANTRAKNOSA PADA BUAH CABAI

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Anella Retna Kumala Sari ◽  
Firdaus Auliya Rahmah ◽  
Syamsuddin Djauhari
Keyword(s):  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
In Vivo Test ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Vitro Test ◽  
Rotary Vacuum

<em></em><em>One of the important diseases on chili is anthracnose caused by </em>Colletotrichum capsici<em>. </em>Curcuma<em> extracts and </em><em>their essential oils were known as antifungal, but nonessential compounds have not been widely tested. This study aimed to assay the effectiveness of nonessential compounds of </em>Curcuma longa<em>, </em>C. zedoaria<em>, and </em>C. aeruginosa<em> to </em>C. annuum<em>. This study was conducted in November 2014 until Mei 2015 at Brawijaya University. The nonessential compound was obtained by soaking rhizome of </em>C. longa,   C.   zedoaria<em>,  and </em>C.   aeruginosa<em> in methanol, then distilled by</em><em>using rotary vacuum evaporator. Nonessential chemical compunds were identified by using HPLC. Effectiveness evaluation of nonessential compounds from three species of </em>Curcuma<em> was done by in </em>vitro<em> and </em>in vivo<em> test. Tested treatments were three species of </em>Curcuma<em> spp and 6 concentration levels of nonessential compounds (0 ppm, 4 ppm, 6 ppm, 8 ppm, 10 ppm, and</em><em> 12 ppm). The xperiment was performed in Factorial Complete Randomized Design, with 18 treatments combination, and replicated three times. Results of HPLC analysis showed the rhizomes of the three </em>Curcuma<em> species contained curcumin and </em>desmethoxycurcumin<em> in various concentrations. The highest </em><em>level was found in the </em>C. longa<em> extract (13.792 ppm curcumin and 67.156 ppm </em>desmethoxycurcumin<em>). However, in vitro test results showed nonessential compound of </em>C. zedoaria<em> was most effective in inhibiting </em>C. annuum<em> growth.  The 10 ppm concentration inhibited 81.53 % of fungal growth.  Further, the in vivo test, also indicated the same, it’s most effective in hampering the growth of anthracnose symptoms. Therefore, curcumin and </em>desmethoxycurcumin<em> from three species of </em>Curcuma<em> have potential to be developed as botanical fungicide.</em>

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