Efektivitas Antifungi Ekstrak Curcuma aeruginosa terhadap Patogenisitas Colletotrichum capsici pada Tanaman Cabai Merah (Antifungi Effectivity of Curcuma aeruginosa Extract to Colletotrichum capsici Pathogenicity on Red Chilli Pepper)

<p>Antraknosa yang disebabkan oleh Colletotrichum capsici masih menjadi penyakit utama yang menyerang buah cabai merah. Selama ini, penggunaan Curcuma aeruginosa sebagai antimikrobe patogen penyebab penyakit pada manusia lebih populer daripada sebagai antimikrobe fitopatogen. Rimpang Curcuma diketahui mengandung senyawa volatil/atsiri dan nonvolatil. Potensi senyawa volatil/atsiri Curcuma sebagai antimikrobe telah banyak dilaporkan, namun masih sangat terbatas untuk senyawa nonvolatilnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efektivitas antifungi senyawa nonvolatil dari ekstrak C. aeruginosa terhadap C. capsici pada buah cabai merah. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan November 2014 hingga Mei 2015 di Universitas Brawijaya. Senyawa nonvolatil didapatkan dengan merendam rimpang C. aeruginosa menggunakan pelarut metanol kemudian didistilasi menggunakan rotary vacuum evaporator dan diidentifikasi menggunakan HPLC. Efektivitas antifungi senyawa nonvolatil dari ekstrak rimpang C. aeruginosa diuji secara in vitro dan in vivo di laboratorium menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan tiga kali ulangan. Perlakuan yang diujikan yaitu konsentrasi senyawa nonvolatil terdiri atas 0 (kontrol), 4, 6, 8, 10, dan 12 ppm. Senyawa nonvolatil dari ekstrak rimpang C. aeruginosa sangat efektif menghambat pertumbuhan C. capsici baik secara in vivo maupun in vitro di laboratorium bahkan konsentrasi 12 ppm menunjukkan persentase penghambatan antraknosa hingga 100%. Hasil identifikasi HPLC menunjukkan bahwa senyawa nonvolatil dari ekstrak rimpang C. aeruginosa mengandung kelompok Curcuminoid yang terdiri atas curcumin dan demethoxycurcumin yang berperan sebagai antifungi sehingga sangat berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai fungisida nabati.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong></p><p>Antraknosa; Cabai merah; C. aeruginosa; Senyawa nonvolatil</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum capsici is still as major disease against chilli pepper fruit. During this time, utilization of C. aeruginosa as pathogen antimicrobial caused disease to human is more popular than to crops. Curcuma has been known containing volatile and nonvolatile compound. Potential of volatil compound from Curcuma as antipathogen has been reported widely, nevertheless it is still limited known for nonvolatile compound. This research aimed to understand the antifungi effectivity of nonvolatile compound from C. aeruginosa extract to C. capsici on chilli pepper fruit. Research was conducted in November 2014 to Mei 2015. Nonvolatile compound was obtained by soaking C. aeruginosa rhizome into methanol solvent then distilated using rotary vacuum evaporator and identified with HPLC instrument. Antifungi effectivity of nonvolatile compound from C. aeruginosa extract was experimented by in vitro and in vivo test using Completely Randomized Design with three replications. Treatments tested were various concentrations of nonvolatile compound namely 0 (control), 4, 6, 8,10, and 12 ppm. Nonvolatile compound from C. aeruginosa extract was highly effective to inhibit growth of C. capsici by both in vitro and in vivo test. HPLC identification result showed nonvolatile compound from C. aeruginosa extract contains Curcuminoid group play role as antifungi.</p>

FORMULASI DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EMULGEL EKSTRAK KULIT BUAH KAKAO (Theobroma cacao L.)

Kulit buah kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) mengandung sejumlah besar polifenol dan flavonoid yang dapat berfungsi sebagai antioksidan untuk mencegah penuaan dini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh sediaan emulgel dari ekstrak kulit buah kakao yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan. Ekstrak kental kulit buah kakao dibuat dengan metode maserasi kinetik menggunakan etanol 70% yang dipekatkan menggunakan rotary vacuum evaporator. Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak diuji menggunakan metode DPPH. Ekstrak kemudian diformulasikan ke dalam sediaan emulgel dengan metode emulsifikasi. Emulgel dievaluasi mutu fisik dan kimia meliputi organoleptik, homogenitas, viskositas dan sifat alir, tipe emulsi, kemampuan menyebar, sentrifugasi, pH, freeze thaw, dan uji aktivitas antioksidan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak kulit buah kakao memiliki nilai IC50 sebesar 10,03 ± 0,43 bpj. Emulgel formula terbaik yang dihasilkan berbentuk semi padat, homogen, berwarna coklat dan beraroma khas coklat dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 143,12 ± 5,32 bpj. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan formula emulgel ekstrak kulit buah kakao berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai sediaan antioksidan. Kata kunci: antioksidan, emulgel, kulit buah kakao

PENENTUAN KADAR FLAVONOID TOTAL DAN NILAI SPF EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN BUAS-BUAS (Premna serratifolia L.) ASAL KABUPATEN MELAWI PROVINSI KALIMANTAN BARAT

ABSTRACT Premna serratifolia L. leaves contain flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, and terpenoids, potentially act as sunscreens. The purpose of this study was to determine the flavonoid content and SPF (Sun Protection Factor) ethanol extract of Premna serratifolia L. leaves from Melawi Regency, West Kalimantan Province using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The Premna serratifolia L. leaves were extracted by maceration using 70% ethanol solvent, then the filtrate obtained was concentrated with a rotary vacuum evaporator to obtain a thick extract. The extract was determined for its flavonoid content using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 439 nm, and the SPF value was determined at a concentration of 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 290-320 nm. The SPF value was calculated and analyzed descriptively using the Mansur method. The result showed that the average flavonoid content of ethanol extract of Premna serratifolia L. leaves was 3.70±0.02% calculated as quercetin. The SPF EEDB values obtained from variations in concentrations of 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm respectively were 19.95±0.02; 30.08±0.01; 34.58±0.14; and 38.28 ± 0.12, where the SPF value is included in the ultra protection category. Key words: Premna serratifolia L. leaves, flavonoid content, SPF, UV-Vis Spectrophotometer

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Evaluation of Alternanthera pungens

The aim of the present study was to evaluate pharmacognostical and antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of Alternanthera pungens. The collected plants were washed, dried, cut and ground into coarse powder and macerated with ethanol and extract was dried by rotary vacuum. Phytochemical screening of ethanol extract revealed the presence of steroids, flavonoids, saponins, glycoside, phenols, and proteins. However, alkaloids and glycosides were absence in this species. The ethanolic extract of whole plant of A. pungens was subjected to column chromatography to separate pure compounds. Invitro antioxidant activity was performed by 2, 2 -diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, hydroxy radical scavenging method and superoxide radical scavenging activity. The ethanolic extract of A. pungens was evaluated against antimicrobial activity against two fungal and four bacterial strains. The extracts showed remarkable inhibition of zone of bacterial and results were comparable with that of standard drugs against the organism tested.

Procurement and Operation Technical For Meniran (Phyllanthus Niruri) Extraction Equipment

At this time the government prohibits the use of antibiotics in animal feed as a growth promoter (AGP) or antibiotic, so an effective and safe immunomodulator and herbal growth stimulant product are needed through Meniran extract products (Phyllantus niruri) and chemicals in the market are not yet optimal as immunomodulators and growth stimulants. CV. Maxipro Agrosatwa which is engaged in veterinary medicine, wholesale trade of agricultural products, and other live animals will produce feed using Meniran extract products. Extraction equipment that is needed is a Rotary vacuum evaporator. This equipment is needed to separate the solvent from the solute without high heating which will damage the solute content. The vacuum condition in the flask is to make the separation more efficient as well as accelerate the separation of the solvent from a solution by reducing the boiling point. The rotation of the flask is to increase evaporation. The complexity of this equipment is what makes CV. Maxipro Agrosatwa cannot handle it alone and requires technical assistance from the Department of Mechanical Engineering (JTM) FT UNS. Technical assistance provided by JTM FT UNS is in the form of procurement, delivery, installation, operation, and maintenance of the rotary vacuum evaporator.

Study on the Effect of Dual Solvent Proportions on Composition of Rosa x damascena Concrete Oil Obtained using Soxhlet Extraction Method

Concrete oil was extracted from Rosa x damascena using different percentage ratios of solvents (petroleum ether and ethanol) by the Soxhlet extraction method. The extraction was carried out using petroleum ether and ethanol in five different percentage ratios of (v/v) (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100) (petroleum ether:ethanol). The rotary vacuum evaporator was used to separate concrete oil and the solvents. The extracted concrete oil was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The obtained results show that many new compounds were identified, at two different solvents and its ratios. Phenylethyl alcohol in the percentages of (61.71%), (10.07%) and (25.92%) was obtained as a major compound with the solvent percentages of (100:0), (50:50) and (75:25) (PE:E), respectively. Hexacosane (37.2%) was identified as a major compound when pure ethanol is used as a solvent. The highest number of components were identified (totally 93 components) when an equal percentage (50:50) of petroleum ether and ethanol were mixed. The usual monoterpenes components, e.g. geraniol, nerol, citronellol and linalool, were not found in the present extraction study. This study concludes that the compositions of concrete oil were mainly influenced by the type of solvents and its ratios used for the extraction

Kinetic Study of Water and Total Soluble Solid Changes of Black Cherry Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum cv. OG) Sauce using Rotary Vacuum Evaporation

Kinetics of water removal and total soluble solid (TSS) content change of black cherry tomato (cv. OG) sauce by rotary vacuum evaporation (RVE) were investigated. The effect of different vacuum conditions (vacuum levels and boiling temperatures of 500 mmHg - 80oC, 550 mmHg - 75oC, 600 mmHg - 70oC and 650 mmHg - 65oC) during evaporation /concentration was examined. Tomatoes puree with an initial TSS of 13.47±0.18oBrix was concentrated to 39.83±0.30oBrix. There was a linear relationship between water removal and time during the concentration of black cherry tomato sauce by RVE. The TSS change of tomato sauce during the concentration was applied to three exponential mathematical models (two-parameter, three-parameter, and four-parameter). In studying the consistency of all models, some statistical indicators, namely the coefficient of determination (R2), the chi-square (χ2) as well as the root mean square error (RMSE) were considered. Among the models, the three-parameter exponential model was proven to best describe the concentration behavior of the tomato sauce using rotary vacuum evaporation with the highest R2, the lowest χ2, and the lowest RMSE. The validation with the experimental data at other vacuum levels had also confirmed the consistency of the selected model. This knowledge is very important for process optimization and product quality improvement.

The Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous And Alcoholic Extracts of Salvadora Persica on Seven Types of Oral Bacterial Strains

Salvadora persica , commonly known as the toothbrush tree (Miswak) , is an evergreen shrub with fibrous branches . Different parts of the tree stems, roots, twigs have been used as natural antimicrobial sources for the maintenance of oral hygiene. It has been found that S. persica has analgesic, antiplaque, anticariogenic and antifungal properties. The aim of this study was to observe the antibacterial action of the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the stems of S. persica against seven types of oral bacteria. The stems of S. persica were obtained from a local market in Duhok governorate and the pathogens were collected from the laboratory of Azadi hospital and cultured on blood, nutrient and MacConkey agars. The extracts were prepared using Rotary Vacuum Evaporator, followed by the preparation of the stock solutions. Overall both the aqueous and alcoholic extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against all the types of the bacteria. However, the aqueous extract showed stronger antibacterial action against all strains in particular gram positive bacteria. Methanol and isopropanol were effective against gram negative bacteria. S. persica has proved its efficacy as a natural antimicrobial plant for cleansing the oral cavity and can be used as alternative to other expensive medicinal products.

Comparison of Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic, Methanolic, n-Hexan, and Aqueous Extract of Parkia speciosa Peel based on Half -Maximal Inhibitory Concentration Through Free Radical Inhibition

The objectives of this study was to determine the half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) from four types of Parkia speciosa peel extracts (ethanol, methanol, n-hexane, and aqueous) through DPPH free radical inhibition. First Parkia’s peel extract made by drying the Parkia’s peel that has been sorted, then crushed and mashed with a blender. Parkia’s powder then macerated for 3 replication using each type of solvent and then solvent evaporation was carried out using a rotary vacuum evaporator. The evaporated extract produced then tested for antioxidant activity using the IC50 method and phytochemical screening was performed to analyze the potential content of functional compounds. The results showed that all types of solvents dissolve alkaloid compounds (except water extract), flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and phenols. IC50 values produced from the four types of petai bark extract using methanol, ethanol, water, and n-hexane solvents sequentially were 76.92; 111; 136; and 201 ppm. Methanol extract had the lowest IC50 value of 76.92 ppm which resulted that the methanol extract of petai skin had a strong (active) antioxidant strength compared to others.Keywords: Antioxidant, Exctract, Parkia’s peel, IC50