scholarly journals Human Poisoning from Marine Toxins: Unknowns for Optimal Consumer Protection

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Vilariño ◽  
M. Louzao ◽  
Paula Abal ◽  
Eva Cagide ◽  
Cristina Carrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Relative Potency ◽  
Marine Biotoxins ◽  
Human Poisoning ◽  
Toxin Class ◽  
Exposure Routes ◽  
Near Future

Marine biotoxins are produced by aquatic microorganisms and accumulate in shellfish or finfish following the food web. These toxins usually reach human consumers by ingestion of contaminated seafood, although other exposure routes like inhalation or contact have also been reported and may cause serious illness. This review shows the current data regarding the symptoms of acute intoxication for several toxin classes, including paralytic toxins, amnesic toxins, ciguatoxins, brevetoxins, tetrodotoxins, diarrheic toxins, azaspiracids and palytoxins. The information available about chronic toxicity and relative potency of different analogs within a toxin class are also reported. The gaps of toxicological knowledge that should be studied to improve human health protection are discussed. In general, gathering of epidemiological data in humans, chronic toxicity studies and exploring relative potency by oral administration are critical to minimize human health risks related to these toxin classes in the near future.

Retrospective Review of Microbial Ecological Processes to understand Environmental Biotechnology

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 695-708
Author(s):  
Waheed Ahmad ◽  
Tazeen . ◽  
Andleeb Farooq ◽  
Maham Irfan ◽  
Nawal Naveed Abbasi
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Microbial Ecology ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Retrospective Review ◽  
Environmental Biotechnology ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
The Future ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Near Future

We—Waheed Ahmad, Andleeb Farooq, Tazeen, Maham Irfan and Nawal Naveed Abbasi— have made an attempt to explain the Retrospective review of microbial ecological processes to understand environmental biotechnology. The fields of environmental biotechnology and microbial ecology are two blossoming fields that have greatly benefited from the advancements in biology, engineering, computing and materials. Although both of the fields are traditionally varied, but the future of both the disciplines are linked to one another. Both the fields, together, provide and promise so much to help society, face and eradicate an environmental problems and challenges, sustainability, human health and security. Moreover, we have also talked about the microbial ecological processes to better understand environmental biotechnology, potential applications of these processes towards our own environment and the future perspective that where this technology is accelerating and heading towards, and what more methods and processes will be witnessed in near future to successfully eradicate and degrade the pollutants and contaminants from the environment through the interaction between microbial communities and their environment for a better, secure and sustainable ecosystem.

Perinatal inflammation: a common factor in the early origins of cardiovascular disease?

2015 ◽  
Vol 129 (8) ◽  
pp. 769-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria U. Nguyen ◽  
Megan J. Wallace ◽  
Salvatore Pepe ◽  
Trevelyan R. Menheniott ◽  
Timothy J. Moss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Perinatal Factors ◽  
Intermediate Phenotypes

Cardiovascular disease continues to be the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Traditional risk factors account for only part of the attributable risk. The origins of atherosclerosis are in early life, a potential albeit largely unrecognized window of opportunity for early detection and treatment of subclinical cardiovascular disease. There are robust epidemiological data indicating that poor intrauterine growth and/or prematurity, and perinatal factors such as maternal hypercholesterolaemia, smoking, diabetes and obesity, are associated with adverse cardiovascular intermediate phenotypes in childhood and adulthood. Many of these early-life risk factors result in a heightened inflammatory state. Inflammation is a central mechanism in the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, but few studies have investigated the role of overt perinatal infection and inflammation (chorioamnionitis) as a potential contributor to cardiovascular risk. Limited evidence from human and experimental models suggests an association between chorioamnionitis and cardiac and vascular dysfunction. Early life inflammatory events may be an important mechanism in the early development of cardiovascular risk and may provide insights into the associations between perinatal factors and adult cardiovascular disease. This review aims to summarise current data on the early life origins of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, with particular focus on perinatal inflammation.

scholarly journals Polycyclic Aromatics Hydrocarbons and Organochlorine Pesticides in the Environment: Sources, Routes, Effects, and Fate

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Adelodun AA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Organochlorine Pesticides ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatics ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Exposure Routes ◽  
Total Environment

Persistence Organic Pollutants (POPs) contamination of sediment, soil, and groundwater is one of the major threats to environmental and human health due to their toxic effects. Thus, this short review is aimed at evaluating the sources, exposure routes, effects, and the fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the environment. As useful as these chemicals may be, their adverse effects on human health and the total environment are of grievous concerns. With the adverse effects, have serious health concerns.

scholarly journals DRUG THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME: TARGET PATIENT GROUPS AND DRUG THERAPY POSSIBILITIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-89
Author(s):  
I. N. Suspitsyna ◽  
I. A. Sukmanova
Keyword(s):  
Acute Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Invasive Treatment ◽  
Patient Profile ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Optimal Drug ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
Artery Disease

The review article updates current data concerning drug therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) of different types. High refusal rate to invasive management among patients with ACS in our country suggests that the need for optimizing drug therapy. Recent epidemiological data are presented in addition to the main target groups of patients who do not receive invasive treatment: elderly patients, patients with multivessel coronary artery disease and distal lesions and those who have chronic kidney disease. The general patient profile who will be prescribed drug therapy is presented. The optimal drug therapy regimens for patients with different ACS types are provided.

scholarly journals Bayesian Estimation of real-time Epidemic Growth Rates using Gaussian Processes: local dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in England

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Marcela Guzman Rincon ◽  
Edward M Hill ◽  
Louise Dyson ◽  
Michael J Tildesley ◽  
Matt J Keeling
Keyword(s):  
Regional Growth ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Epidemiological Trends ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Quantitative Assessments

Quantitative assessments of the recent state of an epidemic and short-term projections into the near future are key public health tools that have substantial policy impacts, helping to determine if existing control measures are sufficient or need to be strengthened. Key to these quantitative assessments is the ability to rapidly and robustly measure the speed with which the epidemic is growing or decaying. Frequently, epidemiological trends are addressed in terms of the (time-varying) reproductive number R. Here, we take a more parsimonious approach and calculate the exponential growth rate, r, using a Bayesian hierarchical model to fit a Gaussian process to the epidemiological data. We show how the method can be employed when only case data from positive tests are available, and the improvement gained by including the total number of tests as a measure of heterogeneous testing effort. Although the methods are generic, we apply them to SARS-CoV-2 cases and testing in England, making use of the available high-resolution spatio-temporal data to determine long-term patterns of national growth, highlight regional growth and spatial heterogeneity.

scholarly journals Oral Chronic Toxicity of the Safe Tetrodotoxin Dose Proposed by the European Food Safety Authority and Its Additive Effect with Saxitoxin

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 312
Author(s):  
Andrea Boente-Juncal ◽  
Paz Otero ◽  
Inés Rodríguez ◽  
Mercedes Camiña ◽  
Mercedes Rodriguez-Vieytes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
European Food Safety Authority ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
Human Health Risks ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent natural toxin causative of human food intoxications that shares its mechanism of action with the paralytic shellfish toxin saxitoxin (STX). Both toxins act as potent blockers of voltage-gated sodium channels. Although human intoxications by TTX were initially described in Japan, nowadays increasing concern about the regulation of this toxin in Europe has emerged due to its detection in fish and mollusks captured in European waters. Currently, TTX is only regularly monitored in Dutch fishery products. However, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has established a safety level of 44 µg/kg TTX as the amount of toxin that did not cause adverse effects in humans. This level was extrapolated considering initial data on its acute oral toxicity and EFSA remarked the need for chronic toxicity studies to further reduce the uncertainty of future toxin regulations. Thus, in this work, we evaluated the oral chronic toxicity of TTX using the safety levels initially recommended by EFSA in order to exclude potential human health risks associated with the worldwide expanding presence of TTX. Using internationally recommended guidelines for the assessment of oral chronic toxicity, the data provided here support the proposed safety level for TTX as low enough to prevent human adverse effects of TTX even after chronic daily exposure to the toxin. However, the combination of TTX with STX at doses above the maximal exposure level of 5.3 µg/kg body weight derived by EFSA increased the lethality of TTX, thus confirming that both TTX and paralytic shellfish toxins should be taken into account to assess human health risks.

Cylindrospermopsin: cyanobacterial secondary metabolite. Biological aspects and potential risk for human health and life

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Adamski ◽  
Ewelina Chrapusta ◽  
Beata Bober ◽  
Ariel Kamiński ◽  
Jan Białczyk
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristic ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Aerosol Spray ◽  
Carcinogenic Potential ◽  
Human Poisoning

AbstractCylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cytotoxin produced by several species of cyanobacteria, which occur all over the world. It was demonstrated that CYN has a wide spectrum of biological activity in animal cells, involving hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and carcinogenic potential, and is considered as one of the factors that caused human poisoning in Palm Island (Australia) and in Caruaru (Brazil). This compound may be introduced into organism by several ways, including consumption of water, fishes and seafood as well as accidental swallowing or aerosol spray inhalation during recreational using of reservoirs covered by cyanobacterial blooms. The information about the CYN impact on environment and its degradation processes under natural conditions is scant. Taking this into consideration CYN should be regarded as a potential threat to human health and life. This review presents physicochemical characteristic and biological activity of CYN, occurrence in freshwaters and its sensitivity to the influence of some environmental factors.

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