scholarly journals Ergot and Ergot Alkaloids in Cereal Grains Intended for Animal Feeding Collected in Slovenia: Occurrence, Pattern and Correlations

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 730
Author(s):  
Janja Babič ◽  
Gabrijela Tavčar-Kalcher ◽  
Franci Aco Celar ◽  
Katarina Kos ◽  
Matjaž Červek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ergot Alkaloids ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Weak Correlation ◽  
Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Cereal Samples ◽  
Animal Feeding ◽  
Occurrence Pattern ◽  
Sample Set ◽  
Total Concentrations

This four-year study reports the occurrence of ergot alkaloids (EAs) in cereals intended for animal feeding collected in Slovenia. A total of 517 samples of cereals were analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the presence of EAs. The sample set included wheat, rye, triticale, oat, spelt and barley. The study revealed that 17% of the analysed cereal samples were contaminated with at least one ergot alkaloid. EAs have two epimeric forms: -ine and -inine. The incidence rates of the -ine and -inine forms in the analysed samples were 16% and 15%, respectively. The highest contamination rates were observed in rye (54%), oat (50%) and spelt (30%), where the highest mean concentrations of total EAs were also determined (502 µg/kg, 594 µg/kg and 715 µg/kg, respectively). However, the highest concentrations of total EAs were found in wheat and rye (4217 µg/kg and 4114 µg/kg, respectively). The predominant EAs were ergometrine, ergosine and ergocristinine. The occurrence of six or more ergot alkaloids was observed in 49% of the positive samples. A weak correlation (p = 0.284) in the positive samples was found between the mass of sclerotia and the total concentrations of EAs using the Spearman correlation coefficient.

Pattern and distribution of ergot alkaloids in cereals and cereal products from European countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.V. Malysheva ◽  
D.A. Larionova ◽  
J. Diana Di Mavungu ◽  
S. De Saeger
Keyword(s):  
Ergot Alkaloids ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Cereal Products ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Animal Feeding ◽  
Sample Set ◽  
Feed Samples

This paper reports on the occurrence of ergot alkaloids in cereals and cereal products in Europe. It includes occurrence data our group previously submitted to the European Food Safety Authority and new data we gathered afterwards. A total of 1,065 samples of cereals and cereal products intended for human consumption and animal feeding were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the presence of ergot alkaloids. The sample set included rye-, wheat- and multigrain-based food as well as rye-, wheat- and triticale-based feed. The study revealed that 59% of the analysed food and feed samples were contaminated with ergot alkaloids to some extent. In 55% of the samples, the levels of the -ine isomers were above the limit of quantification (LOQ), while contamination with the -inine isomers was found in 51% of the samples. The median values for the main ergot alkaloids (-ine forms) and the epimers (-inine forms) were 1 and 2 μg/kg, respectively. Ergot alkaloids were present in 84% of rye food, 67% of wheat food, 48% of multigrain food, 52% of rye feed, 27% of wheat feed, and 44% of triticale feed at total alkaloid levels ranging from ≤1 (LOQ) to 12,340 μg/kg. Though the highest frequencies of contamination were observed for food samples, the feed samples, in particular Swiss rye feed, accounted for the highest levels of ergot alkaloids. The frequencies and levels of contamination were significantly lower in organic samples compared to conventional samples. Maximum levels of individual ergot alkaloids up to 3,270 μg/kg (for ergotamine) were observed. Overall, ergosine, ergokryptine and ergocristine were the frequently occurring ergot alkaloids. The co-occurrence of all six ergot alkaloids was noted in 35% of the positive samples. Occurrence of a single ergot alkaloid was mainly observed for ergometrine.

scholarly journals Determination of the Thyreostats in Animal Feeding Stuffs Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Woźniak ◽  
Sebastian Witek ◽  
Iwona Matraszek-Żuchowska ◽  
Jan Żmudzki
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gradient Elution ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Basic Medium ◽  
Tandem Mass ◽  
Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Animal Feeding

Abstract A rapid liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to detect and confirm five thyreostatic drugs: tapazole, thiouracil, methylthiouracil, propylthiouracil, and phenylthiouracil in animal feeding stuff samples. Thyreostats were extracted from feed with methanol, and then degreasing of the extract with petroleum ether was performed, followed by the derivatisation of the compounds with 3-iodobenzylbromide in basic medium (pH 8.0). The derivatives were extracted with diethyl ether and analysed by gradient elution on a Poroshell 120-EC C18 column with triple quadrupole MS detection with turbo spray source in positive ionisation mode. The method was validated in accordance with the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. For validation level of 10 ļig kg-1, the recovery ranged from 82% to 97.5% for all examined compounds. The repeatability and reproducibility did not exceed the limit of 20% for all analytes. The linearity was good for all thyreostats in the whole range of tested concentrations, as proved by the correlation coefficients greater than 0.99. The decision limits (CCa) ranged from 1.63 ļig kg-1 to 3.95 ļig kg-1, whereas the detection capabilities (CCß) ranged from 2.74 ļig kg-1 to 6.73 ļig kg-1. The developed analysis is sensitive and robust, and therefore useful for quantification and confirmation of thyreostats in residue control programme.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Determination of Ergot Alkaloids in Swine and Dairy Feeds Using Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 724
Author(s):  
Saranya Poapolathep ◽  
Narumol Klangkaew ◽  
Zhaowei Zhang ◽  
Mario Giorgi ◽  
Antonio Francesco Logrieco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Ergot Alkaloids ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Occurrence Data ◽  
Performance Recovery ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Swine Feed ◽  
Feed Samples

Ergot alkaloids (EAs) are mycotoxins mainly produced by the fungus Claviceps purpurea. EAs are known to affect the nervous system and to be vasoconstrictors in humans and animals. This work presents recent advances in swine and dairy feeds regarding 11 major EAs, namely ergometrine, ergosine, ergotamine, ergocornine, ergocryptine, ergocristine, ergosinine, ergotaminine, ergocorninine, ergocryptinine, and ergocristinine. A reliable, sensitive, and accurate multiple mycotoxin method, based on extraction with a Mycosep 150 multifunctional column prior to analysis using UHPLC-MS/MS, was validated using samples of swine feed (100) and dairy feed (100) for the 11 targeted EAs. Based on the obtained validation results, this method showed good performance recovery and inter-day and intra-day precision that are in accordance with standard criteria to ensure reliable occurrence data on EA contaminants. More than 49% of the swine feed samples were contaminated with EAs, especially ergocryptine(-ine) (40%) and ergosine (-ine) and ergotamine (-ine) (37%). However, many of the 11 EAs were not detectable in any swine feed samples. In addition, there were contaminated (positive) dairy feed samples, especially for ergocryptine (-ine) (50%), ergosine (-ine) (48%), ergotamine (-ine), and ergocristine (-ine) (49%). The mycotoxin levels in the feed samples in this study almost complied with the European Union regulations.

scholarly journals Variation of Fungal Metabolites in Sorghum Malts Used to Prepare Namibian Traditional Fermented Beverages Omalodu and Otombo

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Nafuka ◽  
Jane Misihairabgwi ◽  
Ronnie Bock ◽  
Anthony Ishola ◽  
Michael Sulyok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ergot Alkaloids ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Tandem Mass ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Allowable Limit ◽  
Fermented Beverages ◽  
Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungi ◽  
The Eu

Sorghum malts, which are important ingredients in traditional fermented beverages, are commonly infected by mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins may transfer into the beverages, risking consumers’ health. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to determine variation of fungal metabolites in 81 sorghum malts processed for brewing of Namibian beverages, otombo (n = 45) and omalodu (n = 36). Co-occurrence of European Union (EU)-regulated mycotoxins, such as patulin, aflatoxins (B1, B2, and G2), and fumonisins (B1, B2, and B3) was detected in both malts with a prevalence range of 2–84%. Aflatoxin B1 was quantified in omalodu (44%) and otombo malts (14%), with 20% of omalodu malts and 40% of otombo malts having levels above the EU allowable limit. Fumonisin B1 was quantified in both omalodu (84%) and otombo (42%) malts. Emerging mycotoxins, aflatoxin precursors, and ergot alkaloids were quantified in both malts. Notably, 102 metabolites were quantified in both malts, with 96% in omalodu malts and 93% in otombo malts. An average of 48 metabolites were quantified in otombo malts while an average of 67 metabolites were quantified in omalodu malts. The study accentuates the need to monitor mycotoxins in sorghum malts intended for brewing and to determine their fate in the beverages.

Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2011-2012

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.S. Shephard ◽  
F. Berthiller ◽  
P.A. Burdaspal ◽  
C. Crews ◽  
M.A. Jonker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ergot Alkaloids ◽  
Tandem Mass ◽  
Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Mycotoxin Analysis

This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2011 and mid- 2012. It covers the major mycotoxins aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. A section on mycotoxins in botanicals and spices is also included. Methods for mycotoxin determination continue to be developed using a wide range of analytical systems ranging from rapid immunochemical-based methods to the latest advances in mass spectrometry. This review follows the format of previous reviews in this series (i.e. sections on individual mycotoxins), but due to the rapid spread and developments in the field of multimycotoxin methods by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, a separate section has been devoted to advances in this area of research.

Ultrasonic Extraction with Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Ochratoxin A in Processed Cereal Products

2014 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 1384-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kieu Thi Ngoc Nguyen ◽  
Dojin Ryu
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Reliable Method ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Tandem Mass ◽  
Cereal Products ◽  
Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Cereal Samples

Abstract A rapid, simple, and reliable method using ultra-performance LC/MS/MS (UPLC/MS/MS) was developed for determination of ochratoxin A (OTA) in processed cereal products. OTA was ultrasonically extracted from the sample with acetonitrile–water (80 + 20, v/v), and the extract was then injected into the UPLC/MS/MS system after filtration. The calibration curves had good linearity with coefficients of determination greater than 0.999. Recoveries of OTA were in the range of 90–104%. LOD and LOQ of OTA in samples were 0.6 and 2.0 ng/g, respectively, and no significant matrix effect was found. This method was applied to determine OTA in 25 oat-based cereal samples. OTA was detected in five samples (20%) in the range of 2.4 to 7.3 ng/g.

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