scholarly journals Simian Foamy Viruses in Central and South America: A New World of Discovery

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 967
Author(s):  
André F. Santos ◽  
Liliane T. F. Cavalcante ◽  
Cláudia P. Muniz ◽  
William M. Switzer ◽  
Marcelo A. Soares
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Molecular Evolution ◽  
New World ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Buccal Swab ◽  
Neotropical Primates ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Foamy Viruses

Foamy viruses (FVs) are the only exogenous retrovirus to date known to infect neotropical primates (NPs). In the last decade, an increasing number of strains have been completely or partially sequenced, and molecular evolution analyses have identified an ancient co-speciation with their hosts. In this review, the improvement of diagnostic techniques that allowed the determination of a more accurate prevalence of simian FVs (SFVs) in captive and free-living NPs is discussed. Determination of DNA viral load in American primates indicates that oral tissues are the viral replicative site and that buccal swab collection can be an alternative to diagnose SFV infection in NPs. Finally, the transmission potential of NP SFVs to primate workers in zoos and primate centers of the Americas is examined.

scholarly journals Natural Plasmodium infection in neotropical primates in the island of São Luís, state of Maranhão, Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayra Araguaia Pereira Figueiredo ◽  
Silvia Maria Fátima Di Santi ◽  
Thaysa Araguaia Pereira Figueiredo ◽  
Rosangela Zacarias Machado
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Immunofluorescence Assay ◽  
Wild Animal ◽  
Plasmodium Infection ◽  
Neotropical Primates ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The states that make up the Legal Amazon Region, which include the state of Maranhão, account for 99% of registered cases of human malaria in Brazil. It is also believed that transmission of malaria from nonhuman primates (NHP) to humans occurs in this region, because of current reports of seroepidemiological results from samples from humans and NHP coexisting in the same areas. This study aimed to make morphological, serological and molecular diagnoses of Plasmodium spp. in neotropical primates on the island of São Luís, state of Maranhão, Brazil. The diagnostic techniques used were optical microscopy, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). From June 2009 to April 2010, 70 NHP were sampled: 50 at the Wild Animal Screening Center (CETAS), located in the municipality of São Luís and 20 free-living individuals that were caught in a private reserve located in the municipality of São Jose de Ribamar, state of Maranhão. Under an optical microscope, 140 slides (two from each animal) were evaluated and five animals (7.1%) were found to be positive. IFA did not detect anti-Plasmodium spp. From PCR on the 70 animals sampled, amplified Plasmodium spp. products were observed in 13 samples, of which eight (61.5%) were from free-living animals and five (38.5%) were from animals at CETAS.

A modified community viral load measure to support the evaluation of transmission potential of HIV in the population: a retrospective cohort study

The Lancet ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 386 ◽  
pp. S47
Author(s):  
Ngai Sze Wong ◽  
Owen T Y Tsang ◽  
Ka Hing Wong ◽  
Man Po Lee ◽  
Denise P C Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Transmission Potential

scholarly journals Electrocatalytic determination of captopril using a carbon paste electrode modified with N-(ferrocenyl methylidene) fluorene-2-amine and graphene/ZnO nanocomposite

2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohadeseh Safaei ◽  
Hadi Beitollahi ◽  
Masoud Shishehbore ◽  
Somayeh Tajik ◽  
Rahman Hosseinzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Modified Electrode ◽  
Carbon Paste Electrode ◽  
Electrocatalytic Oxidation ◽  
Differential Pulse ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Carbon Paste ◽  
Pulse Voltammetry ◽  
Electrocatalytic Determination ◽  
Paste Electrode

A carbon paste electrode (CPE) was modified with N-(ferrocenylmethylidene) fluorene-2-amine and graphene/ZnO nanocomposite. The electrooxidation of captopril (CAP) at the surface of the modified electrode was studied using electrochemical approaches. The electrochemical study of the modified electrode, as well as its efficiency for the electrocatalytic oxidation of captopril, is described. The electrode was used to study the electrocatalytic oxidation of captopril, by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CHA) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) as diagnostic techniques. It has been found that the oxidation of captopril at the surface of modified electrode occurs at a potential of about 340 mV less positive than that of an unmodified CPE. DPV of captopril at the electrochemical sensor exhibited two linear dynamic ranges (0.1?100.0 and 100.0?800.0 ?M) with a detection limit (3?) of 0.05 ?M.

scholarly journals The Contribution of Radiocarbon Dating to New World Archaeology

Radiocarbon ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
R E Taylor
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Noticeable Improvement ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
New World Studies

When introduced almost five decades ago, radiocarbon (14C) dating provided New World archaeologists with a common chronometric scale that transcended the countless site-specific and regional schemes that had been developed by four generations of field researchers employing a wide array of criteria for distinguishing relative chronological phases. A topic of long standing interest in New World studies where 14C values have played an especially critical role is the temporal framework for the initial peopling of the New World. Other important issues where 14C results have been of particular importance include the origins and development of New World agriculture and the determination of the relationship between the western and Mayan calendars. It has been suggested that the great success of 14C was an important factor in redirecting the focus of American archaeological scholarship in the 1960s from chronology building to theory building, led to a noticeable improvement in US archaeological field methods, and provided a major catalyst that moved American archaeologists increasingly to direct attention to analytical and statistical approaches in the manipulation and evaluation of archaeological data.

scholarly journals Genome wide molecular evolution analysis of begomoviruses reveals unique diversification pattern in coat protein gene of Old World and New World viruses

VirusDisease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debayan Mondal ◽  
Somnath Mandal ◽  
Sandip Shil ◽  
Nandita Sahana ◽  
Goutam Kumar Pandit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Evolution ◽  
Coat Protein ◽  
Coat Protein Gene ◽  
New World ◽  
Protein Gene ◽  
Old World ◽  
Evolution Analysis ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Diversification Pattern

Genetic Determination of Partial Migration in the European Robin (Erithacus rubecula)

The Auk ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Biebach
Keyword(s):  
Field Population ◽  
Migratory Behavior ◽  
Migratory Restlessness ◽  
Erithacus Rubecula ◽  
Breeding Area ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
European Robin

Abstract Partially migratory behavior, the occurrence of resident and migratory individuals in a population, has been reported in free-living birds. I examined this behavior in the European Robin (Erithacus rubecula) under controlled experimental conditions. In an offspring group from a partially migratory field population, 36 (78%) individuals exhibited migratory restlessness (migrants), whereas 10 did not (residents). There were more migrants (89%) in an offspring group from exclusively migratory parents and fewer migrants (53%) from an offspring group from mostly resident parents than there were in the field population. A heritability value of 0.52 was found under the experimental conditions. A connection between the genetic determination of migratory behavior and unpredictable winter weather in the breeding area is discussed.

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