scholarly journals Zika Virus Dissemination from the Midgut of Aedes aegypti is Facilitated by Bloodmeal-Mediated Structural Modification of the Midgut Basal Lamina

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingjun Cui ◽  
DeAna G. Grant ◽  
Jingyi Lin ◽  
Xiudao Yu ◽  
Alexander W. E. Franz
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Basal Lamina ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Infected Mosquito ◽  
Pathogenic Virus ◽  
Complete Digestion ◽  
Meal Ingestion ◽  
Post Infectious

The arboviral disease cycle requires that key tissues in the arthropod vector become persistently infected with the virus. The midgut is the first organ in the mosquito that needs to be productively infected with an orally acquired virus. Following midgut infection, the virus then disseminates to secondary tissues including the salivary glands. Once these are productively infected, the mosquito is able to transmit the virus to a vertebrate host. Recently, we described the midgut dissemination pattern for chikungunya virus in Aedes aegypti. Here we assess the dissemination pattern in the same mosquito species for Zika virus (ZIKV), a human pathogenic virus belonging to the Flaviviridae. ZIKV infection of secondary tissues, indicative of dissemination from the midgut, was not observed before 72 h post infectious bloodmeal (pibm). Virion accumulation at the midgut basal lamina (BL) was only sporadic, although at 96–120 h pibm, virions were frequently observed between strands of the BL indicative of their dissemination. Our data suggest that ZIKV dissemination from the mosquito midgut occurs after digestion of the bloodmeal. Using gold-nanoparticles of 5 nm and 50 nm size, we show that meal ingestion leads to severe midgut tissue distention, causing the mesh width of the BL to remain enlarged after complete digestion of the meal. This could explain how ZIKV can exit the midgut via the BL after bloodmeal digestion. Ingestion of a subsequent, non-infectious bloodmeal five days after acquisition of an initial, dengue 4 virus containing bloodmeal resulted in an increased number of virions present in the midgut epithelium adjacent to the BL. Thus, subsequent bloodmeal ingestion by an infected mosquito may primarily stimulate de novo synthesis of virions leading to increased viral titers in the vector.

scholarly journals Transmission Potential of Zika Virus by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and Ae. mediovittatus (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations From Puerto Rico

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca A Zimler ◽  
Donald A Yee ◽  
Barry W Alto
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Transmission Rates ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Local Transmission

Abstract Recurrence of local transmission of Zika virus in Puerto Rico is a major public health risk to the United States, where mosquitoes Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes mediovittatus (Coquillett) are abundant. To determine the extent to which Ae. mediovittatus are capable of transmitting Zika virus and the influence of viremia, we evaluated infection and transmission in Ae. mediovittatus and Ae. aegypti from Puerto Rico using serial dilutions of infectious blood. Higher doses of infectious blood resulted in greater infection rates in both mosquitoes. Aedes aegypti females were up to twice as susceptible to infection than Ae. mediovittatus, indicating a more effective midgut infection barrier in the latter mosquito species. Aedes aegypti exhibited higher disseminated infection (40–95%) than Ae. mediovittatus (<5%), suggesting a substantial midgut escape barrier in Ae. mediovittatus. For Ae. aegypti, transmission rates were low over a range of doses of Zika virus ingested, suggesting substantial salivary gland barriers.

scholarly journals Colonized Sabethes cyaneus, a Sylvatic New World Mosquito Species, Shows a Low Vector Competence for Zika Virus Relative to Aedes aegypti

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajit K. Karna ◽  
Sasha R. Azar ◽  
Jessica A. Plante ◽  
Rumei Yun ◽  
Nikos Vasilakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
New World ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Sylvatic Cycle ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Body Compartments

The introduction of Zika virus (ZIKV) to the Americas raised concern that the virus would spill back from human transmission, perpetuated by Aedes aegypti, into a sylvatic cycle maintained in wildlife and forest-living mosquitoes. In the Americas, Sabethes species are vectors of sylvatic yellow fever virus (YFV) and are therefore candidate vectors of a sylvatic ZIKV cycle. To test the potential of Sabethes cyaneus to transmit ZIKV, Sa. cyaneus and Ae. aegypti were fed on A129 mice one or two days post-infection (dpi) with a ZIKV isolate from Mexico. Sa. cyaneus were sampled at 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, and 21 days post-feeding (dpf) and Ae. aegypti were sampled at 14 and 21 dpf. ZIKV was quantified in mosquito bodies, legs, and saliva to measure infection, dissemination, and potential transmission, respectively. Of 69 Sa. cyaneus that fed, ZIKV was detected in only one, in all body compartments, at 21 dpf. In contrast, at 14 dpf 100% of 20 Ae. aegypti that fed on mice at 2 dpi were infected and 70% had virus in saliva. These data demonstrate that Sa. cyaneus is a competent vector for ZIKV, albeit much less competent than Ae. aegypti.

scholarly journals Assessment of Local Mosquito Species Incriminates Aedes aegypti as the Potential Vector of Zika Virus in Australia

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. e0004959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Hall-Mendelin ◽  
Alyssa T. Pyke ◽  
Peter R. Moore ◽  
Ian M. Mackay ◽  
Jamie L. McMahon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Potential Vector

scholarly journals Microcefalia e Zika Vírus: características e associações

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (38) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Cynthia Molina Bastos ◽  
Otávio Pereira D'Avila ◽  
Roberto Nunes Umpierre ◽  
Lavínia Schuler Faccini ◽  
Marcelo Rodrigues Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Culex Sp

Objetivo: Discutir a associação entre microcefalia e a infecção materna por Zika Vírus. A microcefalia é o tamanho da cabeça menor do que o esperado em comparação com bebês do mesmo sexo e idade. Entre as causas conhecidas, estão as infecções congênitas. O aumento de casos entre outubro e novembro de 2015 no nordeste brasileiro, que coincidiu com a presença da circulação de novo vírus no país, em maio do mesmo ano, criou a hipótese de associação entre a microcefalia e a infecção materna durante a gravidez. O Zika Vírus é um arbovírus similar ao da Febre Amarela e da Dengue, transmitido principalmente através da picada do Aedes aegypti. A provável transmissão por relação sexual e transfusão de sangue, além de outros vetores como o Aedes albopictus e possivelmente até o pernilongo (Culex sp) aumentam a necessidade de cuidados preventivos em relação à infecção. O exame para detecção viral idealmente é realizado até o quinto dia após o início dos sintomas. Sorologias ainda não são amplamente disponíveis no Brasil. Métodos: Revisão narrativa da literatura. Conclusão: A associação entre casos de microcefalia e o Zika Vírus é embasada nos relatos de relação têmporo-espacial, padrão de alterações neurológicas associado a malformações congênitas, presença do RNA viral no líquido amniótico e nos tecidos de fetos. As respostas definitivas de causalidade serão possíveis após pesquisas e disponibilidade de exames laboratoriais. As evidências até agora apoiam fortemente esta hipótese e todas as medidas preventivas devem ser estimuladas.

scholarly journals Zika virus replication in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus in Brazil

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. D. Guedes ◽  
M. H. S. Paiva ◽  
M. M. A. Donato ◽  
P. P. Barbosa ◽  
L. Krokovsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Mosquito Bite ◽  
Vectorial Competence

AbstractZika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus that has recently been associated with increased incidence of neonatal microcephaly and other neurological disorders. The virus is primarily transmitted by mosquito bite, although other routes of infection have been implicated in some cases. The Aedes aegypti mosquito is considered to be the main vector to humans worldwide, but there is evidence of other mosquito species, including Culex quinquefasciatus, playing a role in the Brazilian outbreak. To test this hypothesis, we experimentally compared the vectorial competence of laboratory-reared A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus. We found ZIKV in the midgut, salivary glands, and saliva of artificially fed C. quinquefasciatus. Additionally, we collected ZIKV-infected C. quinquefasciatus from urban areas of high microcephaly incidence in Recife, Brazil. Take into account; these findings indicate that there may be a wider range of vectors for ZIKV than anticipated.

scholarly journals Heterogeneity of midgut cells and their differential responses to blood meal ingestion by the mosquito, Aedes aegypti

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingjun Cui ◽  
Alexander W.E. Franz
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Nutrient Absorption ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Blood Digestion ◽  
Mosquito Midgut ◽  
Meal Ingestion

AbstractMosquitoes are the most notorious hematophagous insects and due to their blood feeding behavior and genetic compatibility, numerous mosquito species are highly efficient vectors for certain human pathogenic parasites and viruses. The mosquito midgut is the principal organ of blood meal digestion and nutrient absorption. It is also the initial site of infection with blood meal acquired parasites and viruses. We conducted an analysis based on single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-Seq) to assess the cellular diversity of the midgut and how individual cells respond to blood meal ingestion to facilitate its digestion. Our study revealed the presence of 20 distinguishable cell-type clusters in the female midgut of Aedes aegypti. The identified cell types included intestinal stem cell (ISC), enteroblasts (EB), differentiating EB (dEB), enteroendocrine cells (EE), enterocytes (EC), EC-like cells, cardia cells, and visceral muscle (VM) cells. Blood meal ingestion dramatically changed the overall midgut cell type composition, profoundly increasing the proportions of ISC and three EC/EC like clusters. In addition, transcriptional profiles of all cell types were strongly affected while genes involved in various metabolic processes were significantly upregulated. Our study provides a basis for further physiological and molecular studies on blood digestion, nutrient absorption, and cellular homeostasis in the mosquito midgut.

scholarly journals Vertical transmission of Zika virus in orally-infected Aedes aegypti produces infectious adult progeny

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genevieve Comeau ◽  
Robert A. Zinna ◽  
Taylor Scott ◽  
Kacey Ernst ◽  
Kathleen Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Infected Mosquito ◽  
Infected Female ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
C 30

AbstractVertical transmission, or pathogen transfer from mother to offspring, can facilitate persistence of emerging arboviruses, such as Zika virus (ZIKV), in mosquito populations. Understanding vertical transmission and the different environmental and temporal conditions that affect it is important to assess whether new outbreaks could occur without reintroduction of the virus. To determine the rate of vertical transmission for ZIKV, Aedes aegypti females were fed on ZIKV infected blood, maintained under three temperature conditions (27°C, 30°C, and 33°C), and allowed to oviposit three times. Progeny were tested for virus presence at 3, 7, and 14 days after adult emergence. The overall vertical transmission rate was 6.5% (3.9 - 9.9). Vertical transmission was observed across all maternal temperature conditions and was detected in adult progeny as young as 3 days and as late as 14 days post-emergence. In total, 3.4% (1.6 - 6.2) of adult progeny produced saliva with detectable ZIKV, indicating their capacity to transmit ZIKV to humans. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that vertical transmission occurs from orally-infected female Aedes aegypti to their adult progeny at a range of temperatures, and proof that Zika virus can persist in the saliva of those progeny throughout their lifetimes. These results suggest that the virus may be maintained in Ae. aegypti populations without a vertebrate host, allowing for human infections to occur without consistent re-introductions of ZIKV.Author SummaryIn 2015, Zika virus spread to over 50 countries. However, it is not known whether the virus persisted in the outbreak areas or became locally extinct. One way mosquito-borne viruses, like Zika, could become established is by transferring directly between mosquito generations rather than circulating between mosquitoes and humans. This is known as vertical transmission, and happens when the virus infects the developing eggs of infected maternal mosquitoes. As with other mosquito-borne diseases, like dengue, in order to infect humans the virus must be present in the saliva of infected mosquito progeny during blood feeding. We found vertical transmission occurred throughout the infected mother’s reproductive lifetime and across a range of temperature conditions. Vertically infected progeny had Zika virus in their saliva as early as three days after adult emergence, implying that they could infect a person even during their first bloodmeal. Importantly, this work indicates that Zika virus could establish itself in the mosquito population even when human to mosquito transmission is not actively occurring.

scholarly journals Vector competence of selected North AmericanAnophelesandCulexmosquitoes for Zika virus

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany L. Dodson ◽  
Sujit Pujhari ◽  
Jason L. Rasgon
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Culex Tarsalis ◽  
Anopheles Quadrimaculatus ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Blood Meals

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a vector-borne flavivirus that has caused recent outbreaks associated with serious disease in infants and newborns in the Americas.Aedesmosquitoes are the primary vectors for ZIKV, but little is known about the diversity of mosquitoes that can transmit ZIKV in North America. We chose three abundant North American mosquito species (Anopheles freeborni,Anopheles quadrimaculatus, andCulex tarsalis) and one known vector species (Aedes aegypti), fed them blood meals supplemented with a recent outbreak ZIKV strain, and tested bodies, legs, and saliva for infectious ZIKV. ZIKV was able to infect, disseminate, and be transmitted byAedes aegypti. However,Anopheles freeborni,Anopheles quadrimaculatus, andCulex tarsaliswere unable to be infected. We conclude that these species are unlikely to be involved in ZIKV transmission in North America. However, we should continue to examine the ability for other mosquito species to potentially act as ZIKV vectors in North America.

scholarly journals Zika –an Emerging Global Threat

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 586-587
Author(s):  
Priyanka Shakya ◽  
Brijesh Sathian ◽  
Niranjan Nayak
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Joint Pain ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Infected Mosquito ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
Zika Fever

Zika virus disease (Zika) is a new emerging mosquito borne illness, transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito especially Aedes aegypti. The infection, known as  Zika fever often causes no or only mild symptoms which include fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis, which  may last up to a week.

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