Isotherapic of Culex on the biological cycle of the mosquito Culex sp

Introduction: Culex is an insect of the family Culicidae. It occurs in tropical and subtropical regions. It is known as the domestic mosquito. Their larvae develop in stagnant and dirty water, with plenty of organic matter. Some species of the insect such as Culex quinquefasciatus transmit the worms (helminths) called Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis or Elephantiasis. Aims: Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of isotherapic of Culex on the biological cycle of this insect. Material and Method: The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Homeopathy at the State University of Maringa in the period from March 26 to December 31, 2007. Fifteen larvae of Culex sp. the same stage of development (Stage I) were used in the experiment with Isopathy of Culex sp. Was added 200 microliters of the dilutions of isotherapic 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 and 30cH in each flask containing 30 mL of water and 15 larvae of Culex sp. The control consisted of 30 mL of water and 200 mL of 5% alcohol. The flasks were covered by tissue "toule"-type to prevent the dispersal of adult insects. The dilutions were produced according to the Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (1987) [1]. Were determined: average number of larvae, pupae and mosquitoes during the cycle of the insect. Results and Discussion: The presence of Culex isotherapic in the growth solution presented complex responses. Some dilution caused positive responses (3, 6, 9, 12 and 18cH) in the average number of larvae (Figure 1). Dilution 18cH apparently caused a protective effect, and somehow minimized the negative influence of the environment, or protect the larvae from unfavorable abiotic conditions. Dilutions 6, 18 and 24 cH, instead, caused adverse effect on larval and pupa survival, but positive when we consider the objective of this work. There is an interesting phenomenon when evaluating the biological responses in living according to the dilution used. The alternation of rises and falls in the physiological variables as a function of dilution were observed by several authors [2-5]. It behavior is not explained by science, but it is believed to be related to the rhythmic nature movement [6,7] and also with the law of similarity occurring between dilution and the organism that receives it. Thus, the physiological function of the dilutions in the same drug are often cyclical and not linear. Conclusion: The results of this experiment suggest that some dilution may be used in studies to control the mosquito Culex sp.

Characteristic differences between breeding places with and without Culex sp. larvae on lymphatic filariasis patient surroundings in an endemic area

Brebes Regency is one of the Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) endemic areas in Central Java Province, Indonesia. Ketanggungan Subdistrict, Bantarkawung Subdistrict and Paguyangan Subdistrict have the highest case numbers. Culex sp. is one of the vectors of LF in Java, Indonesia. This study was conducted to obtain information about the characteristics of the breeding places for Culex sp. in the area where people with LF live. The finding could be used as information with facts for society. It was a descriptive quantitative study with an observational design. The observation was conducted in a radius of 200 meters around the settlements of LF (15 patients) in three sub-districts in the Brebes Regency. Observed and measured data were larval density, water acidity, air temperature, air humidity, water flow, prominent flora presence, and prominent fauna presence. The breeding places observed were puddles, rivers, and sewers. Puddles and sewers with no aquatic animals were observed positively for the presence of Culex sp. larvae. The most preferred breeding place for Culex sp. in the study area were uncovered sewers.

PREFERENSI NYAMUK Aedes sp. DAN Culex sp. MENGGUNAKAN MEDIA CAIR LIMBAH RUMAH TANGGA DI BANJARBARU

The aim of this study is to assess the preferences of Aedes sp and Culex sp onbreeding place using wastewater of rice and liquid soap waste. This study used purposivesampling method, the sample taken from yard of 6 villages in the district of North andsouth Banjarbaru. Sample taking by placing the sample retrieval ovitrap containing wasteliquid soap, sewage wastewater of rice and water wells. The number of larvae obtained inliquid soap waste media for Aedes sp is up to 3140 and Culex sp larvae is up to 67 larvae,while the wastewater of rice for Aedes sp amounted to 1863 larvae and Culex spamounted to 1539 larvae. t test showed that the effect of liquid soap waste andwastewater of rice against Aedes sp and Culex sp larvae are different but not real. Wasteliquid soap and wastewater of rice favored by Aedes sp and Culex sp larvae, so, both thewaste liquid soap and wastewater of rice can be used as breeding media for Aedes sp. andCulex sp.

Uji Efektivitas Ekstrak Etanol Daun Angsana (Pterocarpus Indicus Willd) sebagai Biolarvasida terhadap Larva Nyamuk Culex Sp.

Mosquitoes are often associated with health problems because mosquito bites not only cause itching but some species can also transmit various types of parasites that are harmful to human health. One of them is Culex sp mosquito which is a class of infectious insects (vectors). This study aimed to test the activity of compounds in angsana leaf extract (Pterocarpus indicus Willd) as biolarvasides on Culex sp. mosquitoes and determine the concentration of LC50 value needed. Extraction was carried out by maceration method using 70% ethanol solvent. The extract collected was then tested biolarvaside activity on Culex sp. The study subjects were divided into 8 treatment groups, namely aquades (negative control), 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% and ABATE 0.1% (positive control). Each group contained 20 mosquito larvae with three replications (triplo). Observations were made for 24 hours at intervals of 1 hour, 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours. The biolarvaside activity of angsana leaf extract was analyzed using the probit method. Based on the results of the Probit analysis, the LC50 value was 0.83%. These results indicate that the angsana leaf extract (Pterocarpus indicus Willd) was effective as a biolarvaside. Abstrak. Nyamuk sering dikaitkan dengan masalah kesehatan karena gigitan nyamuk tidak hanya menimbulkan gatal saja tetapi beberapa spesies nyamuk juga dapat menularkan berbagai jenis parasit yang berbahaya bagi kesehatan manusia. Salah satunya yaitu nyamuk Culex sp yang merupakan golongan serangga penular (vektor). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk pengujian aktivitas senyawa dalam ekstrak daun angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd) sebagai biolarvasida pada nyamuk Culex sp dan penentuan nilai LC50. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 70%, Ekstrak yang diperoleh kemudian diuji aktivitas biolarvasida pada nyamuk Culex sp. Subjek penelitian dibagi menjadi 8 kelompok perlakuan, yaitu akuades (kontrol negatif), 0,05%, 0,1%, 0,2%, 0,5%, 1%, 2% dan ABATE 0,1% (kontrol positif).Setiap kelompok berisi 20 ekor larva nyamuk dengan tiga kali pengulangan (triplo) . Pengamatan dilakukan selama 24 jam dengan interval 1jam, 4jam, 8jam, 12jam dan 24jam. Aktivitas biolarvasida ekstrak daun angsana dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode probit. Berdasarkan hasil analisis Probit didapatkan nilai LC50 berada pada konsentrasi 0,83%.Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa Ekstrak daun angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd) efektif sebagai biolarvasida.

Prevalence Of Leucocytozoonosis And Plasmodiosis In Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) That Are Maintained In The Household Scale

Leucocytozoon and Plasmodium are blood parasitic protozoa that can be found in poultry blood including ducks. These protozoa can cause Leucocytozoonosis and Plasmodiosis in poultry. Spread of the disease through different biological vectors. Similium sp. and Culicoides arakawae as vectors of Leucocytozoonosis and vectors of Plasmodiosis are Culex sp., Culiseta sp., and Aedes sp. This study aims to determine the prevalence of Leucocytozoonosis and Plasmodiosis in ducks that are maintained on a household scale. Ducks are taken from four locations (breeders on a household scale) in Besan Village. In each location, 5 ducks were taken so that the total number of ducks used was 20. This research used purposive sampling method. Samples of duck blood were made as blood smear preparations and stained with 10% Giemsa stain solution then observed under a microscope. The parameters observed were the percentage of blood samples infected with Leucocytozoon and Plasmodium and hematological parameters (total leukocyte count, total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin level, and PCV value). The results showed that Leucocytozoon and Plasmodium were not found in duck blood cells. The prevalence of Leucocytozoonosis and Plasmodiosis in ducks was 0%. The average value of duck blood profile through One Way Anova statistical analysis showed no significant difference between ducks from each sampling location (p> 0.05) and the value of duck blood profile for all samples was within the normal range.

AKTIVITAS LARVA Culex sp TERHADAP EKSTRAK SERAI DAPUR (Cymbopogon citratus) DI KECAMATAN MAULAFA KOTA KUPANG

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DBD) is still a health problem in Kota Kupang.DBD controls have been continuously performed to reduce the population of Culex sp. However, the modern larvicide has caused an environmental problem, toxic to species non-target and found to be resistance. The present study aimed to investigate the larvicidal activity of Cymbopogon citratuson Culex sp. The extract of C. citratus was used for larvicidal activity at concentration of 0%; 0.2%; 0.4%; 0.6%; 0.8% and 1%. The mortality rate was calculated after 2, 4, 12 and 24 hours. The results showed that the mortality of larvae was 5.3% (0%); 45.3% (0.2%); 70.6% 0.4%; 96% (0.6%); 100% (0.8% and 1%). The present investigation suggests the possible use of C. citratus as an ideal ecofriendly, larvicidal agent for the control of Culex sp.

Lavender Flower/Mandarin Orange Peel Essential Oil-Soybean Oil to Repel Culex sp.

Diseases including Japanese B encephalitis and filariasis can be transmitted to humans by Culex sp. Many methods could be applied to prevent their bites from reducing their population or preventing them from their bites. N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) has been widely used as an effective synthetic repellent, but DEET needs to be applied carefully, especially for children. Other repellents based on natural origin, i.e., Lavandula angustifolia D.C. (lavender) flower and Citrus reticulate L. (mandarin orange) peel essential oil and their combination with soybean oil, were studied in Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Kristen Maranatha, Bandung on July–August 2018, for their repellent duration against female Culex sp. to find out the optimal formula. It is a simple randomized design with four replications and seven treatments, i.e., negative control, DEET, pure essential oil, pure soybean oil, three kinds of combination of essential oil and soybean oil in various ratios. The study was carried out using the arm in the cage method against four human arms, following Fradin and Day. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, continued with Tukey HSD with α=0.05. The result shows that DEET has the longest duration (p=0.000), the combination of each essential oil with soybean oil in 1:2 ratio had longer duration than the pure essential oil (p=0.000), soybean oil (p=0.000), and other combination ratios (p=0.000). It was concluded that a mixture of L. angustifolia D.C. flower/C. reticulata L. peel essential oil with soybean oil in a certain ratio was the ideal preparation to repel Culex sp. CAMPURAN MINYAK ATSIRI BUNGA LAVENDER/KULIT JERUK MANDARIN-MINYAK KEDELAI UNTUK MENOLAK CULEX SP.Beberapa penyakit termasuk Japanese B encephalitis dan filariasis dapat ditransmisikan ke manusia melalui gigitan nyamuk Culex sp. Banyak cara dapat dilakukan untuk mencegah gigitan nyamuk ini, baik dengan mengurangi populasinya atau mencegah gigitannya. N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) telah digunakan secara luas sebagai repellent sintetik yang efektif, tetapi pemakaian DEET harus dilakukan dengan hati-hati khususnya pada anak. Repellent lain yang berasal dari alam, yaitu minyak esensial bunga Lavandula angustifolia D.C. (lavender) dan kulit buah Citrus reticulate L., serta campurannya dengan minyak kedelai telah diuji durasi proteksi terhadap Culex sp. betina sehingga diperoleh formula repellent yang optimal. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Parasitologi, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Kristen Maranatha, Bandung pada Juli–Agustus 2018 dan menggunakan desain simple randomized dengan empat replikasi dan tujuh perlakuan, yaitu kontrol negatif, DEET, minyak esensial murni, minyak kedelai murni, dan tiga macam rasio campuran minyak esensial dengan minyak kedelai. Pengujian menggunakan metode lengan dalam kandang menurut Fradin dan Day dengan empat lengan sebagai empat replikasi. Analisis data menggunakan ANOVA, dilanjutkan Tukey HSD dengan α=0,05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa DEET memiliki durasi proteksi paling lama (p=0,000), durasi proteksi kombinasi minyak esensial dengan minyak kedelai rasio 1:2 lebih panjang dibanding dengan minyak esensial murni (p=0.000), minyak kedelai (p=0.000), dan rasio kombinasi lainnya (p=0.000). Simpulan, rasio tertentu campuran minyak esensial bunga L. angustifolia D.C./kulit buah C. reticulata L. dengan minyak kedelai merupakan sediaan ideal untuk menolak Culex sp.

Sebaran Nyamuk Pradewasa Berdasarkan Tipe Ekosistem dan Habitat Spesifik di Kabupaten Pandeglang Provinsi Banten

The vector-borne disease remains a health problem in Pandeglang District. Entomological data isimportant in the strategy of controlling the vector-borne disease. This study aimed to determine thedistribution of mosquito larvae based on specific habitat and ecosystem typea. This research is a secondarydata analysis of Rikhus Vektora 2016 in Pandeglang, Banten Province. This type of observational researchwith cross-sectional study design. The purposive sampling technique is used based on geographical andecosystem stratification. We found 12 types of environments of the six types of ecosystems (HDP, HJP, NHDP,NHJP, PDP, and PJP) that had larvae: forest (secondary, homogeneous, and coastal); lagoon; brackish waterswamp; bamboo clumps; rice fields; plantations; and residential areas. The most ecosystem types werelarvae in HJP (160 larvae) and the least larvae in NHDP (9 larvae). Species of larvae are 16 types: rice fields(Cx. vishui, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, An. barbirostris); small hole in the ground (Anopheles sp., Culex sp.);coconut shell (Ae. albopictus, Ar. malayi, Ar. kuchingensis, Malaya sp, Culex sp.); armpit taro leaves andbanana leaves (Ae. albopictus, Malaya genurostris); freshwater swamp (Cx. vishnui, Cx. gelidus) andbrackish water (Anopheles sp.); riverside (Anopheles sp., Cx. quinquefasciatus); ditch (Culex sp.); pool (Cx.quinquefasciatus); lagoon (Anopheles sp., Culex sp.); bamboo stumps (Ae. albopictus); Limnocharis flavagarden (Culex sp.); and used bottles (Ae. albopictus). The characteristics of larvae habitat: temperature (25-33oC); pH 8-9 (67.3%); light intensity (115-32,000 lux); vegetation (12.7%); algae (3.6%); water istemporary (61.6%), inundated (78.2%) and clear (50,9%).Keywords: Habitat, Ecosystem, Larvae Vector, Pandeglang

MEDIAN LETHAL CONCENTRATION (LC50) EKSTRAK DAUN SIRSAK (Annona muricata Linn) TERHADAP LARVA Culex sp DI KOTA KUPANG

The Culex mosquito is a species that can creates health problems for humans and animals. The handling efforts of the vector is very important to reduce the impact caused by this vector. One of the plants that has the potential as a larvicide is soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.). This study aims to determine the effect of soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) extract on the mortality of Culex sp larvae and LC50 value to killing 50% Culex sp larva. The study was conducted from March to June 2020. This study used 7 treatment groups which 5 groups tested the effectiveness of soursop leaves extract and 2 control groups. The research data was analyzed using the Probit test to determine the LC50. The results showed that soursop leaves extract (Annona muricata L.) was effective in killing Culex sp larvae with LC50 value is 0.736%.