First Evidence of Carp Edema Virus Infection of Koi Cyprinus carpio in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand

The presence of carp edema virus (CEV) was confirmed in imported ornamental koi in Chiang Mai province, Thailand. The koi showed lethargy, loss of swimming activity, were lying at the bottom of the pond, and gasping at the water’s surface. Some clinical signs such as skin hemorrhages and ulcers, swelling of the primary gill lamella, and necrosis of gill tissue, presented. Clinical examination showed co-infection by opportunistic pathogens including Dactylogyrus sp., Gyrodactylus sp. and Saprolegnia sp. on the skin and gills. Histopathologically, the gill of infected fish showed severe necrosis of epithelial cells and infiltrating of eosinophilic granular cells. Electron microscope examination detected few numbers of virions were present in the cytoplasm of gill tissue which showed an electron dense core with surface membranes worn by surface globular units. Molecular detection of CEV DNA from gill samples of fish was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and confirmed by nested-PCR. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that CEV isolate had 99.8% homology with the CEV isolated from South Korea (KY946715) and Germany (KY550420), and was assigned to genogroup IIa. In conclusion, this report confirmed the presence of CEV infection of koi Cyprinus carpio in Chiang Mai province, Thailand using pathological and molecular approaches.

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Description of an as Yet Unclassified DNA Virus from Diseased Cyprinus carpio Species

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.79.4.1983-1991.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 79 (4) ◽

pp. 1983-1991 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Marina Hutoran ◽

Ariel Ronen ◽

Ayana Perelberg ◽

Maya Ilouze ◽

Arnon Dishon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Common Carp ◽

Cyprinus Carpio ◽

Secondary Infection ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Infected Fish ◽

Etiologic Agent ◽

Amino Acid Sequences ◽

Virus Species ◽

Enveloped Virus

ABSTRACT Numerous deaths of koi and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were observed on many farms throughout Israel, resulting in severe financial losses. The lethal viral disease observed is highly contagious and extremely virulent, but morbidity and mortality are restricted to koi and common carp populations. Diseased fish exhibit fatigue and gasping movements in shallow water. Infected fish had interstitial nephritis and gill necrosis as well as petechial hemorrhages in the liver and other symptoms that were not consistent with viral disease, suggesting a secondary infection. Here we report the isolation of carp nephritis and gill necrosis virus (CNGV), which is the etiologic agent of this disease. The virus propagates and induces severe cytopathic effects by 5 days postinfection in fresh koi or carp fin cell cultures (KFC and CFC, respectively), but not in epithelioma papillosum cyprini cells. The virus harvested from KFC cultures induced the same clinical signs, with a mortality of 75 to 95%, upon inoculation into naive koi and common carp. Using PCR, we provide final proof that the isolated virus is indeed the etiologic agent of food and ornamental carp mortalities in fish husbandry. Electron microscopy revealed viral cores with icosahedral morphology of 100 to 110 nm that resembled herpesviruses. Electron micrographs of purified pelleted CNGV sections, together with viral sensitivities to ether and Triton X-100, suggested that it is an enveloped virus. However, the genome of the isolated virus is a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) molecule of 270 to 290 kbp, which is larger than known herpesviruses. The viral DNA seems highly divergent and bears only small fragments (16 to 45 bp) that are similar to the genomes of several DNA viruses. Nevertheless, amino acid sequences encoded by CNGV DNA fragments bear similarities primarily to members of the Poxviridae and Herpesviridae and to other large dsDNA viruses. We suggest, therefore, that the etiologic agent of this disease may represent an as yet unclassified virus species that is endemic in C. carpio (carp).

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Isolation, molecular identification, and pathological lesions of Saprolegnia spp. isolated from common carp, Cyprinus carpio in floating cages in Mosul, Iraq

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2020.2759-2764 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 2759-2764

Author(s):

Fawwaz Fadhil Ali ◽

Shahbaa Khalil AL-Taee ◽

Zahraa Mustafa AL-Jumaa

Keyword(s):

Common Carp ◽

Cyprinus Carpio ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Inflammatory Cells ◽

Infected Fish ◽

Universal Primers ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Common Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽

Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽

Gill Filaments

Background and Aim: Saprolegniasis is a fungal disease that infects freshwater fish. The condition is characterized by a cotton-like appearance in the gills and body. This study aimed to isolate Saprolegnia from common carp, Cyprinus carpio, raised in a floating cage in Wana district, Mosul, Iraq. Materials and Methods: Samples were collected from 15 infected fish and examined microbiologically, molecularly, and histopathologically. Saprolegnia DNA was extracted which was amplified using universal primers give a 540 bp DNA fragment, and gill and muscle tissue were also examined for histopathological changes. Results: Isolated colonies of Saprolegnia were characterized by a circular, white cottony appearance with long hair. Lactophenol staining demonstrated hyphae as branched non-septate, transparent masses. The genomic DNA of isolates was consistent with Saprolegnia spp. The infected tissue samples showed variable pathology in gills. Severe hemorrhage and edema were observed in primary gill filaments with hyperplasia in epithelial cells and infusion in secondary gill filaments. Hyphae of Saprolegnia were seen between necrotic and edematous myofiber with inflammatory cells infiltration. Conclusion: Saprolegnia can cause economic impacts through lethal infection of fish. Clinical signs of Saprolegnia infection were confirmed molecularly and microscopically, and these findings were supported by histopathological lesions in gill and muscle tissues.

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The genus Simplicillium

MycoKeys ◽

10.3897/mycokeys.60.38040 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 60 ◽

pp. 69-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

De-Ping Wei ◽

Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe ◽

Kevin D. Hyde ◽

Peter E. Mortimer ◽

Jianchu Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Host Record ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Key To Species ◽

Chiang Mai ◽

New Host ◽

New Host Record ◽

Its Gene ◽

Chiang Mai Province ◽

Ophiocordyceps Unilateralis

Simplicillium species have a wide host range and an extensive distribution. Some species are associated with rusts, as well as other plant pathogenic fungi and play an important role in biological control. In this study, two specimens of Simplicillium were collected from Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Simplicillium formicae sp. nov. was isolated from an infected ant and S. lanosoniveum from Ophiocordyceps unilateralis which is a new host record. Species were initially identified using ITS gene sequences and confirmed using morphology coupled with phylogenetic analyses of a combined nrLSU, nrSSU, TEF and RPB1 dataset. Simplicillium formicae differs from other species in the genus by the presence of flask-shaped synnemata and phialides with intercalary nodes. Simplicillium lanosoniveum resembles other collections of the species by its completely solitary, tapering phialides and globose to ellipsoidal conidia which adhere in a slimly head. A key to species of Simplicillium is also provided.

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Novelties in Fuscosporellaceae (Fuscosporellales): Two New Parafuscosporella from Thailand Revealed by Morphology and Phylogenetic Analyses

Diversity ◽

10.3390/d13110517 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 517

Author(s):

Nattawut Boonyuen ◽

Charuwan Chuaseeharonnachai ◽

Salilaporn Nuankaew ◽

Papichaya Kwantong ◽

Natapol Pornputtapong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Resources ◽

Novel Species ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Freshwater Fungi ◽

Chiang Mai ◽

Northern Thailand ◽

Chiang Mai Province ◽

Asexual Morphs

Asexual morphs of freshwater fungi have been mostly reported from tropical and subtropical regions. From our ongoing investigation of the diversity and taxonomy of freshwater microfungi in Thailand, a country with rich natural resources and diverse ecosystems, Parafuscosporella ellipsoconidiogena sp. nov. and P. obovata sp. nov., collected from decaying submerged twigs at Phalad Waterfall in a conserved forest in Chiang Mai Zoo, Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand, are proposed. DNA phylogenies based on a combination of ITS and LSU datasets support the placement of these species in Parafuscosporella (Fuscosporellaceae, Fuscosporellales, Sordariomycetes), and these two novel species differ from known species in terms of morphology. Detailed descriptions, illustrations and a key to Parafuscosporella species are provided, as well as comparisons with other accepted Parafuscosporella species.

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INDUKSI KEKEBALAN SPESIFIK PADA IKAN MAS, Cyprinus carpio Linn. TERHADAP INFEKSI KOI HERPESVIRUS (KHV) MELALUI TEKNIK KOHABITASI TERKONTROL

Jurnal Riset Akuakultur ◽

10.15578/jra.5.2.2010.257-276 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 257

Author(s):

Taukhid Taukhid ◽

Angela Mariana Lusiastuti ◽

Wulan Andiyani ◽

Rosidah Rosidah ◽

Sriati Sriati

Keyword(s):

Survival Rate ◽

Common Carp ◽

Cyprinus Carpio ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Infected Fish ◽

Control Group ◽

Fiber Glass ◽

Koi Herpesvirus ◽

Specific Immunity ◽

Effective Period

Penelitian dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui masa induksi kekebalan spesifik hingga level protektif terhadap KHV pada populasi ikan mas yang diinfeksi secara buatan melalui teknik pemaparan terkontrol telah dilakukan pada skala laboratorium. Pemaparan terkontrol terhadap ikan positif KHV dilakukan selama 3 hari pada suhu 24oC-26oC, selanjutnya ikan dipindahkan ke wadah volume 300 liter yang diisi ikan uji sebanyak 200 ekor/wadah dan suhu air berkisar antara 31oC-34oC. Perlakuan yang diterapkan adalah periode induksi: (A) periode induksi selama 1 minggu dari akhir masa pemaparan terhadap KHV, (B) periode induksi selama 2 minggu dari akhir masa pemaparan terhadap KHV, (C) periode induksi selama 3 minggu dari akhir masa pemaparan terhadap KHV, (D) periode induksi selama 4 minggu dari akhir masa pemaparan terhadap KHV, dan (E) tanpa periode induksi setelah dilakukan pemaparan terhadap KHV. Pada hari ke-21, seluruh kelompok perlakuan diinfeksi KHV secara buatan dengan teknik kohabitasi. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap tingkah laku, gejala klinis, dan mortalitas ikan uji yang dilakukan setiap hari hingga akhir percobaan. Rataan persentase sintasan ikan uji tertinggi pada akhir riset diperoleh pada periode induksi selama 3 minggu sebesar 53,75%; diikuti oleh periode induksi selama 2 minggu sebesar 33,75%; selama 1 minggu sebesar 18,75%; selama 4 minggu sebesar 12,5%; dan kelompok kontrol sebesar 7,5%.The research with the aim to study an effective period to develop specific immunity against Koi Herpesvirus on common carp population which was obtained by cohabitation technique had been done in laboratory scale. Cohabitation of KHV infected fish at 24oC-26oC was for 3 days, and then the fish was moved to fiber glass tank at 31oC-34oC to develop specific immunity. The treatments applied in the research were: (A) a week period induction, (B) two weeks period induction, (C) three weeks period induction, (D) four weeks period induction, and (E) without period induction as a control group. Fish test were challenge to KHV infection at the end of each defined period induction by cohabitation method for 2 weeks lasting. Examination on behavior, clinical signs, and mortality of fish test were taken place daily. The results showed that the highest survival rate was found on three weeks period induction (53.75%), and followed by two weeks period induction (33.75%), one week period induction (18.75%), four weeks period induction (12.5%), and the lowest was found on the control (7.5%).

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Antibody response of carp, Cyprinus carpio to the cestode, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182099004242 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 118 (6) ◽

pp. 635-639 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

P. NIE ◽

D. HOOLE

Keyword(s):

Antibody Response ◽

Cyprinus Carpio ◽

Serum Antibody ◽

Infected Fish ◽

Immune Protection ◽

Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽

Bothriocephalus Acheilognathi ◽

Protection Against Infection ◽

Antibody Levels ◽

Antibody Secreting Cells

The humoral antibody response and the number of pronephric antibody-secreting cells were examined in naturally Bothriocephalus acheilognathi-infected carp. Cyprinus carpio, and in those injected intraperitoneally with an extract of the cestode. In the extract-injected fish, specific antibody was detected 3 weeks after a second injection given 2 weeks after the primary injection, and antibody levels persisted for more than 200 days. A third injection also enhanced the antibody level in the extract-injected carp. The numbers of antibody-secreting cells were significantly higher in carp injected 3 times with the extract than in the control. In naturally-infected fish, the serum antibody levels and the number of pronephric antibody-secreting cells were higher in infected fish than in uninfected individuals although this difference was not statistically significant. The relevance of these results to immune protection against infection is discussed.

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Discovery of a new mammal species (Soricidae: Eulipotyphla) from Narcondam volcanic island, India

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-88859-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Manokaran Kamalakannan ◽

Chandrakasan Sivaperuman ◽

Shantanu Kundu ◽

Govindarasu Gokulakrishnan ◽

Chinnadurai Venkatraman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Genetic Distances ◽

Medium Size ◽

Mitochondrial Cytochrome ◽

Volcanic Island ◽

Mammal Species ◽

Molecular Approaches ◽

Mitochondrial Cytochrome B ◽

Mitochondrial Cytochrome B Gene

AbstractWe discovered a new Crocidura species of shrew (Soricidae: Eulipotyphla) from Narcondam Island, India by using both morphological and molecular approaches. The new species, Crocidura narcondamica sp. nov. is of medium size (head and body lengths) and has a distinct external morphology (darker grey dense fur with a thick, darker tail) and craniodental characters (braincase is rounded and elevated with weak lambdoidal ridges) in comparison to other close congeners. This is the first discovery of a shrew from this volcanic island and increases the total number of Crocidura species catalogued in the Indian checklist of mammals to 12. The newly discovered species shows substantial genetic distances (12.02% to 16.61%) to other Crocidura species known from the Indian mainland, the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, Myanmar, and from Sumatra. Both Maximum-Likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic inferences, based on mitochondrial (cytochrome b) gene sequences showed distinct clustering of all included soricid species and exhibit congruence with the previous evolutionary hypothesis on this mammalian group. The present phylogenetic analyses also furnished the evolutionary placement of the newly discovered species within the genus Crocidura.

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Cryptosporidium myocastoris n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae), the Species Adapted to the Nutria (Myocastor coypus)

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9040813 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 813

Author(s):

Jana Ježková ◽

Zlata Limpouchová ◽

Jitka Prediger ◽

Nikola Holubová ◽

Bohumil Sak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Prepatent Period ◽

Cryptosporidium Species ◽

The Novel ◽

Myocastor Coypus ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Molecular Analyses ◽

Cryptosporidium Spp ◽

Faecal Samples

Cryptosporidium spp., common parasites of vertebrates, remain poorly studied in wildlife. This study describes the novel Cryptosporidium species adapted to nutrias (Myocastor coypus). A total of 150 faecal samples of feral nutria were collected from locations in the Czech Republic and Slovakia and examined for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and specific DNA at the SSU, actin, HSP70, and gp60 loci. Molecular analyses revealed the presence of C. parvum (n = 1), C. ubiquitum subtype family XIId (n = 5) and Cryptosporidium myocastoris n. sp. XXIIa (n = 2), and XXIIb (n = 3). Only nutrias positive for C. myocastoris shed microscopically detectable oocysts, which measured 4.8–5.2 × 4.7–5.0 µm, and oocysts were infectious for experimentally infected nutrias with a prepatent period of 5–6 days, although not for mice, gerbils, or chickens. The infection was localised in jejunum and ileum without observable macroscopic changes. The microvilli adjacent to attached stages responded by elongating. Clinical signs were not observed in naturally or experimentally infected nutrias. Phylogenetic analyses at SSU, actin, and HSP70 loci demonstrated that C. myocastoris n. sp. is distinct from other valid Cryptosporidium species.

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