Serologic Response of 2 Versus 3 Doses and Intradermal Versus Intramuscular Administration of a Licensed Rabies Vaccine for Preexposure Prophylaxis

2019 ◽  
Vol 221 (9) ◽  
pp. 1494-1498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy P Endy ◽  
Paul B Keiser ◽  
Dongliang Wang ◽  
Richard G Jarman ◽  
Don Cibula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Dose Schedule ◽  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Preexposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

Abstract Background The World Health Organization recommends intradermal (ID) administration of rabies vaccine for preexposure prophylaxis. Methods In a randomized trial in adults assigned to 1 of 6 treatment groups (ID vs intramuscular [IM], 2 vs 3 doses, and controls), rabies neutralizing antibody titers were measured to 1 year postvaccination. Results ID vaccination produced acceptable antibody levels in all subjects (2- and 3-dose groups). At day 365, acceptable levels were 40% for IM and 50% for ID 2-dose schedule, and 70% for IM and 60% for ID 3-dose schedule. Conclusions ID rabies vaccination induces acceptable antibody titers at a fraction of the dose. Clinical Trials Registration NCT02374814.

scholarly journals Survey of fox trappers in northern Alaska for rabies antibody

1994 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Follmann ◽  
D. G. Ritter ◽  
M. Beller
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
World Health ◽  
Antibody Concentration ◽  
Alopex Lagopus ◽  
Arctic Foxes ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Northern Alaska ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

SUMMARYThe purpose of this research was to determine whether trappers in northern Alaska acquired immunity to rabies virus from non-bite exposures while trapping and skinning arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus). In coastal Alaska recurring epizootics presumably provide trappers ample opportunity for contact with rabid animals. Serum neutralization analyses of blood samples collected from 26 individuals were conducted. All but three had negative rabies neutralizing antibody levels (< 0·05 I.U./ml). Two of these had previously received rabies vaccine but one individual who had trapped for about 47 years with an estimated harvest of over 3000 foxes and who had never received pre- or post-exposure rabies vaccination had a rabies serum neutralizing antibody concentration of 2·30 I.U./ml. This represents the first report of an unvaccinated person acquiring rabies virus antibody with a titre above the 0·5 I.U./ml level considered acceptable by the World Health Organization.

scholarly journals Antibody titers measured by commercial assays are correlated with neutralizing antibody titers calibrated by international standards

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-An Kung ◽  
Chung-Guei Huang ◽  
Sheng-Yu Huang ◽  
Kuan-Ting Liu ◽  
Peng-Nien Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
International Standards ◽  
World Health ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) has highlighted the importance of an international standard (IS) for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titer detection, with the aim of calibrating different diagnostic techniques. In this study, IS was applied to calibrate neutralizing antibody titers (IU/mL) and binding antibody titers (BAU/mL) in response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Serum samples were collected from participants receiving the Moderna (n = 20) and Pfizer (n = 20) vaccines at three time points: pre-vaccination, after one dose, and after two doses. We obtained geometric mean titers of 1404.16 and 928.75 IU/mL for neutralizing antibodies after two doses of the Moderna and Pfizer vaccines, respectively. These values provide an important baseline for vaccine development and the implementation of non-inferiority trials. We also compared three commercially available kits from Roche, Abbott, and MeDiPro for the detection of COVID-19 antibodies based on binding affinity to S1 and/or RBD. Our results demonstrated that antibody titers measured by commercial assays are highly correlated with neutralizing antibody titers calibrated by IS.

scholarly journals Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant by sera from BNT162b2 or Coronavac vaccine recipients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Lu ◽  
Bobo Mok ◽  
Linlei Chen ◽  
Jacky Chan ◽  
Owen Tsang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
World Health ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Ancestral Virus ◽  
Health Organization

Background The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, designated as a Variant of Concern(VOC) by the World Health Organization, carries numerous spike protein mutations which have been found to evade neutralizing antibodies elicited by COVID-19 vaccines. The susceptibility of Omicron variant by vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies are urgently needed for risk assessment. Methods Omicron variant strains HKU691 and HKU344-R346K were isolated from patients using TMPRSS2-overexpressing VeroE6 cells. Whole genome sequence was determined using nanopore sequencing. Neutralization susceptibility of ancestral lineage A virus and the Omicron, Delta and Beta variants to sera from 25 BNT162b2 and 25 Coronavac vaccine recipients was determined using a live virus microneutralization assay. Results The Omicron variant strain HKU344-R346K has an additional spike R346K mutation, which is present in 8.5% of strains in GISAID database. Only 20% and 24% of BNT162b2 recipients had detectable neutralizing antibody against the Omicron variant HKU691 and HKU344-R346K, respectively, while none of the Coronavac recipients had detectable neutralizing antibody titer against either Omicron isolates. For BNT162b2 recipients, the geometric mean neutralization antibody titers(GMT) of the Omicron variant isolates(5.43 and 6.42) were 35.7-39.9-fold lower than that of the ancestral virus(229.4), and the GMT of both omicron isolates were significantly lower than those of the beta and delta variants. There was no significant difference in the GMT between HKU691 and HKU344-R346K. Conclusions Omicron variant escapes neutralizing antibodies elicited by BNT162b2 or CoronaVac. The additional R346K mutation did not affect the neutralization susceptibility. Our data suggest that the Omicron variant may be associated with lower COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness.

scholarly journals Calibration and Evaluation of Quantitative Antibody Titers for Varicella-Zoster Virus by Use of the BioPlex 2200

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth McLachlan ◽  
Heidi Scholz ◽  
Shelly Bolotin ◽  
Natasha S. Crowcroft ◽  
Todd F. Hatchette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Luminex Technology ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Antibody Levels

ABSTRACTMost commercially available enzyme immunoassay-based methods have limited sensitivity to detect antibody responses to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in vaccinated individuals, who produce lower antibody levels than those with natural infection. However, more sensitive methods are either not commercially available or less amenable to high-throughput testing. The BioPlex 2200 measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV) IgG assay (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) is an automated high-throughput platform based on the microsphere Luminex technology that measures antibodies against measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella viruses simultaneously. Although it has U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval as a qualitative diagnostic test for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella virus immunity, in this study, we have validated the assay to produce quantitative titers (off label) against the VaccZyme VZV glycoprotein (VZVgp) low-level IgG kit (The Binding Site Ltd., Birmingham, UK) using the World Health Organization international standard. Here, we show that the BioPlex 2200 MMRV IgG assay has sensitivity superior to that of the Zeus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) VZV IgG assay (Zeus Diagnostics, Branchburg, NJ). Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and adjusting the cutoff levels, we improved the sensitivity of the quantitative BioPlex 2200 MMRV IgG assay to 97.4%, while maintaining 100% specificity.

scholarly journals Antibodies against rabies virus in dogs with and without history of vaccination in Santa Maria - RS - Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Gonzalez Fernandes ◽  
Mathias Martins ◽  
Bruna Portolan Amaral ◽  
Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti ◽  
Rudi Weiblen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
World Health ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Santa Maria ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

ABSTRACT: The present study investigated the frequency and magnitude of neutralizing antibodies to rabies virus (RABV) in dogs with and without historic of vaccination in Santa Maria/RS. Group A included serum samples from 440 dogs with recent historic of vaccination against rabies, obtained during the 2015 rabies vaccination campaign. Group B included 300 serum samples from dogs submitted to the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria in 2015, whose historic of rabies vaccination was unknown. Serum samples were submitted to the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) to detect neutralizing antibodies against RABV. In group A, 70.6% (310/440) of the samples had neutralizing antibody titers ≥0.5 international units per milliliter (IU mL-1), considered an indicative of protection against rabies by the World Health Organization. However, approximately 30% of the dogs did not contain antibodies in adequate levels. In group B, 42.3% (127/300) of the samples contained neutralizing antibody titers ≥0.5IU mL-1 and 57.7% (173/300) were negative or contained titers below of the value considered immunized. These results demonstrate that an important proportion of vaccinated dogs (~30%) did not develop adequate antibody levels, mainly those receiving a single vaccine dose. Serologic testing of animals with unknown historic of vaccination revealed relatively low vaccine coverage in the general dog population. Thus, reformulation of immunization strategies - especially the recommendation of a boost vaccination 30 days after the primary dose - and extension of vaccination campaigns are necessary to reach adequate levels and coverage of immunity against RABV in the canine population.

scholarly journals Low neutralizing antibody titers against the Mu variant of SARS-CoV-2 in BNT162b2 vaccinated individuals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Alejandro Alvarez-Diaz ◽  
Ana L Munoz ◽  
Pilar Tavera-Rodriguez ◽  
Maria T Herrera-Sepulveda ◽  
Hector A Ruiz-Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Need To Evaluate ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Epidemiological Impact ◽  
Health Organization

Background Global surveillance programs for the virus that causes COVID-19 are showing the emergence of variants with mutations in the Spike protein, including the Mu variant, recently declared as a Variant of Interest (VOI) by the World Health Organization. Because these types of variants can be more infectious or less susceptible to antiviral treatments and vaccine-induced antibodies. Objectives To evaluate the sensitivity of the Mu variant (B.1.621) to neutralizing antibodies induced by the BNT162b2 vaccine. Study design Three of the most predominant SARS-CoV-2 variants in Colombia during the epidemiological peaks of 2021 were isolated. Microneutralization assays were performed by incubating 120 TCDI50 of each SARS-CoV-2 isolate with five 2-fold serial dilutions of sera from 14 BNT162b2 vaccinated volunteers. The MN50 titer was calculated by the Reed-Muench formula Results The three isolated variants were Mu, a Variant of Interest (VOI), Gamma, a variant of concern (VOC), and B.1.111 that lacks genetic markers associated with greater virulence. At the end of August, the Mu and Gamma variants were widely distributed in Colombia. Mu was predominant (49%), followed by Gamma (25%). In contrast, B.1.111 became almost undetectable. The evaluation of neutralizing antibodies suggests that patients vaccinated with BNT162-2 generate neutralizing antibody titers against the Mu variant at significantly lower concentrations relative to B.1.111 and Gamma. Conclusions This study shows the importance of continuing with surveillance programs of emerging variants as well as the need to evaluate the neutralizing antibody response induced by other vaccines circulating in the country against Mu and other variants with high epidemiological impact.

scholarly journals Short duration of neutralizing antibody titers after pre-exposure rabies vaccination with suckling mouse brain vaccine

1998 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1275-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.R. Zanetti ◽  
C.A. Consales ◽  
A.C. Rodrigues-da-Silva ◽  
Y.K. Toyoshima ◽  
O.A.C. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Mouse Brain ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Suckling Mouse ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

scholarly journals Effect of a booster-dose of rabies vaccine on the duration of virus neutralizing antibody titers in bovines

1998 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avelino Albas ◽  
Paulo Eduardo Pardo ◽  
Albério Antonio Barros Gomes ◽  
Fernanda Bernardi ◽  
Fumio Honma Ito
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Booster Dose ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Antibody Titers

Humoral immune response using inactivated rabies vaccine was studied in 35 nelore cross-bred bovines of western region of São Paulo state. Ninety days after vaccination, 13 (92.8%) animals presented titers 30.5IU/ml, through mouse neutralization test. After 180 days, 9 (64.3%) sera showed titers 30.5IU/ml, after 270 days, only one (7.1%) showed a titer of 0.51IU/ml, and after 360 days, all animals showed titers < 0.5IU/ml. Group of animals receiving booster dose 30 days after vaccination presented, two months after, all with titers > 0.5IU/ml. At 180 days, 17 (80.9%) sera presented titers > 0.5IU/ml; at 270 days, 15 (71.4%), with titers 30.5IU/ml and at 360 days, 4 (19.0%), with titers 30.5IU/ml. Booster-dose ensured high levels of neutralizing antibodies for at least three months, and 240 days after revaccination, 71.4% of animals were found with titers 30.5IU/ml.

scholarly journals Using Intradermal Rabies Vaccine to Boost Immunity in People with Low Rabies Antibody Levels

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Brown ◽  
Anthony R. Fooks ◽  
Martin Schweiger
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
World Health ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
The World ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Antibody Levels

Intradermal rabies vaccine is recommended by the World Health Organisation, but not all countries, including England, follow this recommendation. A group of 12 adults in England previously given pre-exposure intradermal rabies vaccine were considered to be non-immune to rabies because their rabies antibody titres were known to be less than 0.5 IU/mL. A cohort study examined the immunizing effect of increasing the participants' cumulative dose of intradermal rabies to 2.0 IU. All patients subsequently demonstrated rabies antibody levels >0.5 IU⋅mL supporting evidence of adequate sero-conversion. No adverse effects of intradermal rabies vaccine boosting were noted. Within the limits of a small study the findings support the hypothesis that adequate levels of rabies antibody can be achieved by a schedule of intradermal injections delivered on at least three occasions with a cumulative rabies vaccine dose of 2.0 IU.

scholarly journals Neutralizing Antibody Responses in COVID-19 Convalescent Sera

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T Lee ◽  
Roxanne C Girardin ◽  
Alan P Dupuis ◽  
Karen E Kulas ◽  
Anne F Payne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
High Titer ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Maximal Activity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
United States Food ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Antibody Levels

Abstract Passive transfer of antibodies from COVID-19 convalescent patients is being used as an experimental treatment for eligible patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections. The United States Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) guidelines for convalescent plasma initially recommended target antibody titers of 160. We evaluated SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in sera from recovered COVID-19 patients using plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT) at moderate (PRNT50) and high (PRNT90) stringency thresholds. We found that neutralizing activity significantly increased with time post symptom onset (PSO), reaching a peak at 31–35 days PSO. At this point, the number of sera having neutralizing titers of at least 160 was approximately 93% (PRNT50) and approximately 54% (PRNT90). Sera with high SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels (&gt;960 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers) showed maximal activity, but not all high-titer sera contained neutralizing antibody at FDA recommended levels, particularly at high stringency. These results underscore the value of serum characterization for neutralization activity.

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