scholarly journals Optimal Sizing of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Tanks for Sustainable Domestic Water Use in the West Bank, Palestine

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 573
Author(s):  
Sameer Shadeed ◽  
Sandy Alawna
Keyword(s):  
Storage Tank ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
West Bank ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
The West ◽  
Average Family ◽  
Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting

In highly water-poor areas, rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) can be used for a self-sustaining and self-reliant domestic water supply. The designing of an optimal RRWH storage tank is a key parameter to implement a reliable RRWH system. In this study, the optimal size of RRWH storage tanks in the different West Bank governorates was estimated based on monthly (all governorates) and daily (i.e., Nablus) inflow (RRWH) and outflow (domestic water demand, DWD) data. In the estimation of RRWH, five rooftop areas varying between 100 m2 and 300 m2 were selected. Moreover, the reliability of the adopting RRWH system in the different West Bank governorates was tested. Two-time series scenarios were assumed: Scenario 1, S1 (12 months, annual) and scenario 2, S2 (8 months, rainy). As a result, reliable curves for preliminary estimation of optimal RRWH storage tanks for the different West Bank governorates were obtained. Results show that the required storage tank for S1 (annual) is more than that of the S2 (rainy) one. The required storage tank to fulfill DWD is based on the average rooftop area of 150 m2, the average family members of 4.8, and the average DWD of 90 L per capita per day (L/c/d) varies between (75 m3 to 136 m3) and (24 m3 to 84 m3) for S2 for the different West Bank governorates. Further, it is found that the optimal RRWH tank size for the 150 m2 rooftop ranges between 20 m3 (in Jericho) to 75 m3 (in Salfit and Nablus) and between 20 m3 (in Jericho) to 51 m3 (in Jerusalem) for S1 and S2 scenarios, respectively. Finally, results show that the implementation of an RRWH system for a rooftop area of 150 m2 and family members of 4.8 is reliable for all of the West Bank governorates except Jericho. Whereas, the reliability doesn’t exceed 19% for the two scenarios. However, the reduction of DWDv is highly affecting the reliability of adopting RRWH systems in Jericho (the least rainfall governorate). For instance, a family DWDv of 3.2 m3/month (25% of the average family DWDv in the West Bank) will increase the reliability at a rooftop area of 150 m2 to 51% and 76% for S1 and S2, respectively.

scholarly journals Developing a GIS-based water poverty and rainwater harvesting suitability maps for domestic use in the Dead Sea region (West Bank, Palestine)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameer M. Shadeed ◽  
Tariq G. Judeh ◽  
Mohammad N. Almasri
Keyword(s):  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
West Bank ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
The West ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Very High

Abstract. In Dead Sea region as arid to semi-arid regions, water shortage and the inability to satisfy the increasing domestic water demand have been threatening the sustainable development. In such situations, domestic rainwater harvesting is considered an efficient management option to combat water poverty. This paper aims to develop a domestic water poverty (DWP) and domestic rainwater harvesting suitability (DRWHS) maps for the West Bank, Palestine (5860 km2). The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) together with the GIS-based weighted overly summation process (WOSP) was utilized in the development of these maps. A total of 12 and four different assessing criteria were used in the development of DWP and DRWHS maps, respectively. Results of DWP map indicate that about 57 % of the West Bank is under high to very high domestic water poverty. On the other hand, the DRWHS map indicates that about 60 % of the West Bank can be classified as high to very high suitable areas for domestic rainwater harvesting. Furthermore, DWP and DRWHS maps intersection indicates that around 31 % of the West Bank areas could be classified as high potential locations for adopting rainwater harvesting techniques for domestic purposes. Finally, the developed maps are of high value for different stakeholders to realize the importance of promoting rainwater harvesting for a self-sustaining and self-reliant domestic water supply in high water poverty areas in the Dead Sea region generally and in the West Bank particularly.

scholarly journals Developing GIS-based water poverty and rainwater harvesting suitability maps for domestic use in the Dead Sea region (West Bank, Palestine)

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 1581-1592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameer M. Shadeed ◽  
Tariq G. Judeh ◽  
Mohammad N. Almasri
Keyword(s):  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
West Bank ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
The West ◽  
Suitability Maps ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
The Dead

Abstract. In the arid region of the Dead Sea, water shortage and the inability to satisfy the increasing domestic water demand threatens sustainable development. In such situations, domestic rainwater harvesting is considered an efficient way to combat water poverty. This paper aims to develop domestic water poverty (DWP) and domestic rainwater harvesting suitability (DRWHS) maps for the West Bank, Palestine. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and the GIS-based weighted overlay summation process (WOSP) were utilized in the development of these maps. Results of the DWP map indicate that 57 % of the West Bank is under high to very high poverty of domestic water. The DRWHS map shows that 60 % of the West Bank is highly suitable for domestic rainwater harvesting. Spatial intersection (combined mapping) between DWP and DRWHS maps indicates that around 31 % of the total West Bank areas could be classified as high potential locations (hotspot areas) for adopting rainwater harvesting techniques for domestic purposes. The developed maps are valuable to the stakeholders to better identify the best areas of rainwater harvesting in the West Bank.

scholarly journals Rainwater Harvesting to Address Current and Forecasted Domestic Water Scarcity: Application to Arid and Semi-Arid Areas

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 3583
Author(s):  
Tariq Judeh ◽  
Isam Shahrour
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
West Bank ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
The West ◽  
Semi Arid

This paper discusses the effectiveness of rooftops rainwater harvesting (RRWH) in addressing domestic water scarcity, emphasizing the West Bank (Palestine) as an example of arid to semi-arid areas with limited water resources. The paper deals with the actual and future water demand by considering climate-change impact and urban growth. The analysis is based on the evaluation of (i) the supply–demand balance index (SDBI), which designates the ratio between the total water supply (TWS) and total water demand (TWD), and (ii) the potential of RRWH. Applying this methodology to the West Bank shows that the potential RRWH can contribute by about 40 million cubic meters/year in 2020, which is approximately the same amount of water as the municipal water supply (42 million cubic meters/year). This contribution can effectively reduce the suffering governorates from 64% to 27% in 2020. Furthermore, it can support water-related decision-makers in the arid to semi-arid areas in formulating efficient and sustainable water resources strategies. The analysis also shows that the domestic water scarcity in 2050 will be worse than in 2020 for all governorates. For example, 73% of the West Bank governorates are expected to suffer from extreme to acute water scarcity in 2050 compared to 64% in 2020. Thus, RRWH appears to be highly efficient in mitigating the current and future domestic water scarcity in the West Bank.

scholarly journals Application of Rainwater Harvesting Technology to Supply Sustainable Domestic Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
Joleha ◽  
Aras Mulyadi ◽  
Wawan ◽  
Imam Suprayogi
Keyword(s):  
Storage Tank ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Construction Cost ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Total Rainfall ◽  
The People ◽  
Storage Area ◽  
Core Questions

Rainwater harvesting that is good and right by the needs of household clean water is one of the problems for the people in the islands in Indonesia, especially Merbau Island which is located in the Kepulauan Meranti Regency, Riau Province. The only source of clean water that can be enjoyed easily and cheaply is rainwater. Rainfall on Merbau Island ranges between 2.000 – 4.000 mm per year which is classified as moderate. A survey of 100 randomly selected people was conducted, with a questionnaire containing components for rainwater harvesting (RWH) and other core questions. If available rainfall is used optimally, the need for clean water on the island can be met. Calculation of rainwater for cooking, drinking and washing needs is estimated to be around 15 lpcd. The data obtained is rainfall in 2016 with a total rainfall of 1,754 mm, roof storage area of 36 m2, and the type of roof used is zinc. Rain cycle V2 simulation produces a 3 m3 volume rainwater storage tank, with a construction cost of Rp. 10,365,000. This tank can meet the needs of clean water for five family members for a year.

scholarly journals Rainwater Harvesting for Sustainable Agriculture in High Water-Poor Areas in the West Bank, Palestine

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameer Shadeed ◽  
Tariq Judeh ◽  
Michel Riksen
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
West Bank ◽  
High Water ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
The West ◽  
Gis Environment ◽  
Total Study Area ◽  
Very High

In most arid regions of the world, the increasing agricultural water supply–demand gap jeopardizes sustainable agricultural development and, as such, undermines local food security. In such situations, unconventional water resource practices such as agricultural rainwater harvesting (ARWH) can be potentially used to tackle agricultural water poverty (AWP). This study aims to integrate AWP and agricultural rainwater harvesting suitability (ARWHS) maps to identify locations where ARWH can be of the most benefit to the West Bank, Palestine. These maps were developed under the GIS environment. The weighted overlay summation process (WOSP), supported by the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), was utilized. Research findings of the AWP map indicate that high to very high AWP covers about 61% of the study area, whereas, the findings of the ARWHS map shows that highly suitable ARWH areas cover 65% of the total study area. Further, 31% of the study area has highly suitable sites for the implementation of proper ARWH techniques. Finally, the combined mapping between the ARWHS map and agricultural lands indicates that high to very high ARWH-suitable areas cover 53% of the rough grazing areas (62% of the entire West Bank area). Thus, the implementation of proper ARWH techniques in such areas is seen to be a sustainable water management option for achieving agricultural sustainability and, accordingly, improved food security in the West Bank, Palestine.

scholarly journals Assessment of rooftop rainwater harvesting in Ajloun, Jordan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zain Al-Houri ◽  
Abbas Al-Omari
Keyword(s):  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
The Status ◽  
High Initial Cost ◽  
Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
The Government ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
Domestic Water Supply ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Abstract In response to water scarcity in Ajloun governorate, Jordan, the effectiveness of implementing rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) was investigated. In addition, a structured questionnaire was prepared and distributed to randomly selected residents to assess the status of the current RRWH practices in the governorate and the people's perceptions of this practice. It was found that between 0.39 million cubic meters (MCM) in a dry year (2017) and 0.96 MCM in a wet year (2018) can be harvested, which is equivalent to 7.6% and 16.8% of the domestic water supply for these years, respectively. The analysis of a total of 360 questionnaires revealed that only 14.2% of the households in Ajloun governorate own a RRWH system. However, the majority, 80.6%, of those who do not own a RRWH system showed interest in installing one. An overwhelming majority of the sample, 96.7%, believes that the government should provide incentives to subsidize the construction of RRWH systems, which is attributed to the high initial cost of these systems. The technical and social feasibilities of RRWH, in addition to the high cost of the alternatives, justifies providing incentives, such as cost sharing for the consumers in Ajloun to implement RRWH systems.

scholarly journals A Financial, Environmental and Social Evaluation of Domestic Water Management Options in the West Bank, Palestine

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (15) ◽  
pp. 4445-4467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dima W. Nazer ◽  
Maarten A. Siebel ◽  
Pieter Van der Zaag ◽  
Ziad Mimi ◽  
Huub J. Gijzen
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
West Bank ◽  
Social Evaluation ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Management Options ◽  
The West

Effect of first flush on storage-reliability-yield of rainwater harvesting

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly C. Doyle ◽  
Peter Shanahan
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Storage Tank ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Equivalent System ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Domestic Water Supply ◽  
Supply Water

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) entails capture of rainwater falling on a roof and conveyance to a storage tank for later use as domestic water supply. During dry weather, dust and pollutants accumulate on the roof surface and are subsequently washed off with the ‘first flush’ at the beginning of the next rain. Diverting the first flush can improve the quality of stored water but at the cost of reducing the reliability with which the system can supply water. A storage-reliability-yield (SRY) analysis of RWH was completed for Bisate, Rwanda for a period of 20 years with a range of normalized storage volumes and yields. Reliability expressed as days per year on which demand was met was determined for alternative first-flush strategies and compared to the reliability of an otherwise equivalent system without first-flush diversion. Diversion of the first flush was found to reduce reliability by at most 8%. Analysis of three existing RWH systems in Bisate indicates that a recommended 1 mm first-flush diversion would reduce the number of days the system meets demand by no more than 7 days per year.

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