scholarly journals Projecting Relative Sea Level Rise under Climate Change at the Phrachula Chomklao Fort Tide Gauge in the Upper Gulf of Thailand

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1702
Author(s):  
Chirayu Jaroenongard ◽  
Mukand S. Babel ◽  
Sangam Shrestha ◽  
Sutat Weesakul ◽  
Vilas Nitivattananon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Gulf Of Thailand ◽  
Groundwater Abstraction ◽  
Relative Sea Level ◽  
The Future ◽  
Upper Gulf Of Thailand

This study aims to project future sea-level rise (SLR) at the Phrachula Chomklao Fort (PCF) tide gauge station in the Upper Gulf of Thailand (UGoT) using the outputs of 35 climate models under two greenhouse gas concentration scenarios: representative concentration pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) and RCP8.5. The Linear Scaling method was found to be better than Variance Scaling and Quantile Mapping methods for removing biases in raw Global Circulation Models (GCMs) sea level data. Land subsidence, induced by excessive groundwater abstraction, was found to contribute significantly to SLR during the observed period the PCF gauging station; hence, the effects of land subsidence had to be removed from relative sea level before bias correction. The overall increase in SLR is projected to be 0.94–1.05 mm/year under RCP4.5 and 1.07–1.18 mm/year under RCP8.5 for the twenty-first century in the UGoT. The results suggest that future SLR due to climate change will not be as severe in the study region compared to average global projections. However, land subsidence can amplify future SLR. It is therefore important to regulate groundwater abstraction in the future so that SLR can be restricted. It is even more relevant in the UGoT as the raw water intake from the Chao Phraya River for municipal water supply to Bangkok is close to the estuary, and SLR in the future can pose additional challenges for the water utility.

scholarly journals Land subsidence contributions to relative sea level rise at tide gauge Galveston Pier 21, Texas

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Liu ◽  
Jiang Li ◽  
John Fasullo ◽  
Devin L. Galloway
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Relative Sea Level ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Relative Sea Level Rise

Abstract Relative sea level rise at tide gauge Galveston Pier 21, Texas, is the combination of absolute sea level rise and land subsidence. We estimate subsidence rates of 3.53 mm/a during 1909–1937, 6.08 mm/a during 1937–1983, and 3.51 mm/a since 1983. Subsidence attributed to aquifer-system compaction accompanying groundwater extraction contributed as much as 85% of the 0.7 m relative sea level rise since 1909, and an additional 1.9 m is projected by 2100, with contributions from land subsidence declining from 30 to 10% over the projection interval. We estimate a uniform absolute sea level rise rate of 1.10 mm ± 0.19/a in the Gulf of Mexico during 1909–1992 and its acceleration of 0.270 mm/a2 at Galveston Pier 21 since 1992. This acceleration is 87% of the value for the highest scenario of global mean sea level rise. Results indicate that evaluating this extreme scenario would be valid for resource-management and flood-hazard-mitigation strategies for coastal communities in the Gulf of Mexico, especially those affected by subsidence.

Relative sea-level rise and climate change over the last 1500 years

Terra Nova ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C. Varekamp ◽  
E. Thomas ◽  
O. Plassche
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Relative Sea Level ◽  
Relative Sea Level Rise

scholarly journals Sinking Tide Gauge Revealed by Space-borne InSAR: Implications for Sea Level Acceleration at Pohang, South Korea

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh Palanisamy Vadivel ◽  
Duk-jin Kim ◽  
Jungkyo Jung ◽  
Yang-Ki Cho ◽  
Ki-Jong Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Tide Gauges ◽  
Tide Gauge Records ◽  
Relative Sea Level ◽  
Tide Gauge Station ◽  
Sea Level Acceleration ◽  
Vertical Land Motion ◽  
Gauge Station

Vertical land motion at tide gauges influences sea level rise acceleration; this must be addressed for interpreting reliable sea level projections. In recent years, tide gauge records for the Eastern coast of Korea have revealed rapid increases in sea level rise compared with the global mean. Pohang Tide Gauge Station has shown a +3.1 cm/year sea level rise since 2013. This study aims to estimate the vertical land motion that influences relative sea level rise observations at Pohang by applying a multi-track Persistent Scatter Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) time-series analysis to Sentinel-1 SAR data acquired during 2015–2017. The results, which were obtained at a high spatial resolution (10 m), indicate vertical ground motion of −2.55 cm/year at the Pohang Tide Gauge Station; this was validated by data from a collocated global positioning system (GPS) station. The subtraction of InSAR-derived subsidence rates from sea level rise at the Pohang Tide Gauge Station is 6 mm/year; thus, vertical land motion significantly dominates the sea level acceleration. Natural hazards related to the sea level rise are primarily assessed by relative sea level changes obtained from tide gauges; therefore, tide gauge records should be reviewed for rapid vertical land motion along the vulnerable coastal areas.

Trends in Chesapeake Bay Sedimentation Rates during the Late Holocene

1990 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Donoghue
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Late Holocene ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Sedimentation Rates ◽  
Relative Sea Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Relative Sea Level Rise

AbstractTrends are discernible in the estimates of late Holocene rates of sedimentation and sea-level rise for the Chesapeake Bay. During most of the Holocene Epoch sedimentation rates and relative sea-level rise were equal, within the limits of measurement, at approximately 1 mm yr−1. Sedimentation rates measured over the past century, however, are nearly an order of magnitude higher, while the rate of relative sea-level rise for the Chesapeake Bay now averages 3.3 mm yr−1, as measured on long-term tide gauge records. When the acceleration in these rates occurred is uncertain, but it appears to have been confined to the past millennium, and probably to the past few centuries. The rapid sedimentation rates recorded during historic time may be a temporary disequilibrium that has resulted from a recent acceleration in the rate of relative sea-level rise.

scholarly journals Assessment of Sea Level Rise at West Coast of Portugal Mainland and Its Projection for the 21st Century

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Antunes
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
21St Century ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Satellite Altimetry ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
The West ◽  
Relative Sea Level ◽  
Global Sea Level

Data collected at the Cascais tide gauge, located on the west coast of Portugal Mainland, have been analyzed and sea level rise rates have been updated. Based on a bootstrapping linear regression model and on polynomial adjustments, time series are used to calculate different empirical projections for the 21st century sea level rise, by estimating the initial velocity and its corresponding acceleration. The results are consistent to an accelerated sea level rise, showing evidence of a faster rise than previous century estimates. Based on different numerical methods of second order polynomial fitting, it is possible to build a set of projection models of relative sea level rise. Appling the same methods to regional sea level anomaly from satellite altimetry, additional projections are also built with good consistency. Both data sets, tide gauge and satellite altimetry data, enabled the development of an ensemble of projection models. The relative sea level rise projections are crucial for national coastal planning and management since extreme sea level scenarios can potentially cause erosion and flooding. Based on absolute vertical velocities obtained by integrating global sea level models, neo-tectonic studies and permanent Global Positioning System (GPS) station time series, it is possible to transform relative into absolute sea level rise scenarios, and vice-versa, allowing the generation of absolute sea level rise projection curves and its comparison with already established global projections. The sea level rise observed at the Cascais tide gauge has always shown a significant correlation with global sea level rise observations, evidencing relatively low rates of composed vertical land velocity from tectonic and post-glacial isostatic adjustment, and residual synoptic regional dynamic effects rather than a trend. An ensemble of sea level projection models for the 21st century is proposed with its corresponding probability density function, both for relative and absolute sea level rise for the west coast of Portugal Mainland.

scholarly journals Adaptive Capacity Mapping of Semarang Offshore Territory by the Increasing of Water Level and Climate Change

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Ifan Ridlo Suhelm
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Village

Tidal inundation, flood and land subsidence are the problems faced by Semarang city related to climate change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted the increase of sea level rise 18-59 cm during 1990-2100 while the temperature increase 0,6°C to 4°C during the same period. The Semarang coastal city was highly vulnerable to sea level rise and it increased with two factors, topography and land subsidence. The purpose of this study was to map the adaptive capacity of coastal areas in the face of the threat of disasters caused by climate change. The parameters used are Network Number, Employee based educational background, Source Main Livelihoods, Health Facilities, and Infrastructure Road. Adaptive capacity of regions classified into 3 (three) classes, namely low, medium and high. The results of the study showed that most of the coastal area of Semarang have adaptive capacities ranging from low to moderate, while the village with low capacity totaling 58 villages (58.62%) of the total coastal district in the city of Semarang.

scholarly journals Sea-level rise in Venice: historic and future trends (review article)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2643-2678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Zanchettin ◽  
Sara Bruni ◽  
Fabio Raicich ◽  
Piero Lionello ◽  
Fanny Adloff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
Relative Sea Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Gauge Data ◽  
Relative Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level Variations

Abstract. The city of Venice and the surrounding lagoonal ecosystem are highly vulnerable to variations in relative sea level. In the past ∼150 years, this was characterized by an average rate of relative sea-level rise of about 2.5 mm/year resulting from the combined contributions of vertical land movement and sea-level rise. This literature review reassesses and synthesizes the progress achieved in quantification, understanding and prediction of the individual contributions to local relative sea level, with a focus on the most recent studies. Subsidence contributed to about half of the historical relative sea-level rise in Venice. The current best estimate of the average rate of sea-level rise during the observational period from 1872 to 2019 based on tide-gauge data after removal of subsidence effects is 1.23 ± 0.13 mm/year. A higher – but more uncertain – rate of sea-level rise is observed for more recent years. Between 1993 and 2019, an average change of about +2.76 ± 1.75 mm/year is estimated from tide-gauge data after removal of subsidence. Unfortunately, satellite altimetry does not provide reliable sea-level data within the Venice Lagoon. Local sea-level changes in Venice closely depend on sea-level variations in the Adriatic Sea, which in turn are linked to sea-level variations in the Mediterranean Sea. Water mass exchange through the Strait of Gibraltar and its drivers currently constitute a source of substantial uncertainty for estimating future deviations of the Mediterranean mean sea-level trend from the global-mean value. Regional atmospheric and oceanic processes will likely contribute significant interannual and interdecadal future variability in Venetian sea level with a magnitude comparable to that observed in the past. On the basis of regional projections of sea-level rise and an understanding of the local and regional processes affecting relative sea-level trends in Venice, the likely range of atmospherically corrected relative sea-level rise in Venice by 2100 ranges between 32 and 62 cm for the RCP2.6 scenario and between 58 and 110 cm for the RCP8.5 scenario, respectively. A plausible but unlikely high-end scenario linked to strong ice-sheet melting yields about 180 cm of relative sea-level rise in Venice by 2100. Projections of human-induced vertical land motions are currently not available, but historical evidence demonstrates that they have the potential to produce a significant contribution to the relative sea-level rise in Venice, exacerbating the hazard posed by climatically induced sea-level changes.

scholarly journals Sea Level Rise in Indonesia: The Drivers and the Combined Impacts from Land Subsidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karlina Triana ◽  
A'an Johan Wahyudi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Tectonic Setting ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
Regional Patterns

Sea level changes play an important role as an indicator of climate change. However, without climate change, sea level itself shows strong regional patterns, both in space and time, that could deviate significantly from global averages. The spatial variability of sea level changes in Indonesia can be divided based on the drivers, i.e., climatic and seasonal weather-driven and non-climatic and geological-driven. Seasonally, sea level in Indonesia is generally high in northwest monsoon and low in southeast monsoon. Nevertheless, there is a possibility of extreme natural phenomenon influences that generate anomalies and thermosteric process that also affects the sea level. On the non-climatic and geological theory, the uniqueness of the tectonic setting in Indonesia will create spatial variation in regional sea levels both as static and dynamic changes in a long period of time. Land subsidence is also often regarded as a significant contributor to the rise of relative sea level in coastal environments. Combined with the rise of sea level, land subsidence will escalate the coastal flooding risk, contribute to shoreline retreat, and further aggravated by anthropogenic forces such as groundwater extraction and land development. This scientific review will summarize the spatial variation of sea level rise in Indonesia, examines the underlying drivers that control it, and provides an overview of combined sea level rise and land subsidence as a significant threat in Indonesia.

Recent measurements of subsidence in the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Steckler ◽  
Bar Oryan ◽  
Md. Hasnat Jaman ◽  
Dhiman R. Mondal ◽  
Céline Grall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Relative Sea Level ◽  
The North ◽  
Active Tectonic ◽  
Relative Sea Level Rise ◽  
Tectonic Boundaries ◽  
The Ganges

<p>Deltas, the low-lying land at rivers mouths, are sensitive to the delicate balance between sea level rise, land subsidence and sedimentation. Bangladesh and the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta (GBD) have been highlighted as a region at risk from sea level rise, but reliable estimates of land subsidence have been limited. While early studies in the GBD suggested high rates of relative sea level rise, recent papers estimate more modest rates. Our objective is to better quantify the magnitude, spatial variability, and depth variation of compaction and subsidence in the GBD in order to better evaluate the processes controlling it and the pattern of relative sea level rise in this vulnerable region.</p><p>With support from the Bangladesh Water Development Board, we have rehabilitated previously installed GNSS and installed new GNSS co-located with Rod Surface Elevation Tables (RSET) to better understand the balance of subsidence and sedimentation in the coastal zone in SW Bangladesh, which is less affected by the active tectonic boundaries to the north and the east. The continuous GNSSs installed in 2003 and 2012 were mounted on reinforced concrete building roofs. GPS stations in the area yield subsidence rate estimates of 3-7 mm/y.  To densify the subsidence data, in early 2020 we resurveyed 48 concrete Survey of Bangladesh geodetic monuments in SW Bangladesh that were installed in 2002. Although only measured at the start and end of the period, the time span between the two measurements is ~18 years enabling us to estimate subsidence over this timespan.</p><p>Preliminary results show that about ½ the sites yielded very high subsidence rates; repeat measurements confirm the suspicion that the monuments at these sites are unstable and have undergone localized subsidence from settling or anthropogenic activity. The remaining sites show an increase in subsidence from the NW to the SE, consistent with estimates of average Holocene subsidence (Grall et al., 2018). However, rates from the campaign stations are much higher than those from continuous GNSS sites, but only slightly higher than an RSET site. We interpret that the continuous building GNSS omit very shallow compaction-related subsidence, while RSETs neglect deep subsidence. This is further reinforced by results from a compaction meter consisting of 6 wells from 20 to 300 m depth with vertical optical fiber strainmeters in each well. They show a decrease in compaction with depth. While initial results require further investigation, we highlight the importance of multiple methodologies for interpreting subsidence rates--deep, shallow, natural, anthropogenic--in vulnerable delta regions.</p>

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