History of caesarean section surgery

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-70
Author(s):  
Vladimir Anatolievich Klimov
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Julius Caesar ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Section Operation ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right

Caesarean section is one of the oldest operations in the history of mankind and is the most common surgical intervention in obstetric practice. Translated from Latin, «caesarean section» means «royal cut», and in the days of the Roman Empire, only people marked with a special gift could be born in this way. According to one of the existing legends, this is how Gaius Julius Caesar was born, and it was the incision in his mother's womb that gave him the name «Caesar». However, given the fact that his mother died when Caesar was 46 years old, the legend still has the right to remain a legend. It is also believed that by removing the baby from the womb of the deceased mother, the ancient Greek god Asclepius, the doctor, was born — he was also Aesculapius among the Romans. His mother was struck by Zeus the Thunderer for her infidelity to her husband Apollo, but the child was taken out alive after the woman's death. Be that as it may, the first mentions of a caesarean section do not at all date back to the 16th century, as was commonly believed, but have much deeper roots. It is believed that even some famous people were born by removing them from their mother's womb, and this gave them a chance at life. The beginning of the scientific version of the appearance of the caesarean section operation can be considered the publication of the monograph by F. Rousset in 1581, in which a sufficiently detailed description of the technique of the cesarean section operation was provided and a list of indications for it was given [2]. Today, this operation is a fairly common surgical intervention that can significantly alleviate the suffering of a woman in labor, avoid a number of complications, and sometimes save the life of a mother and child.

George Buchanan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Complete Collection ◽  
Vernacular Literature ◽  
French Renaissance ◽  
Revolutionary Party ◽  
History Of ◽  
George Buchanan ◽  
The Right

Although his name is now virtually unknown beyond academia, George Buchanan (b. 1506–d. 1582) was one of the foremost humanists and Neo-Latinists of the 16th century. His work as a writer, polemicist, and educator had a Europe-wide impact in his own lifetime, and a cultural afterlife so great that it resulted in a large obelisk being erected in his memory in his hometown of Killearn, Scotland, and year-long public celebrations of the four-hundredth anniversary of his birth at the Universities of Glasgow and St. Andrews in 1906. Buchanan is best known to early modern historians as the polemicist for the revolutionary party that forced Mary Stuart to abdicate from the throne of Scotland in 1567 in favor of her infant son, James. It was in this context that he produced a scurrilous account of her reign (the De Maria Regina Scotorum, published in English as the Detectioun), an explosive treatise on the nature of Scottish kingship and the right to resist and kill tyrants (the De Iure Regni apud Scotos Dialogus), and a history of Scotland (Rerum Scoticarum Historia) that acted as a “proof text” of sorts for his theories on monarchy. Buchanan was also tutor to Mary’s son, who as James VI and I would become arguably the most literary British monarch ever to sit on the throne. To scholars of the French Renaissance, Buchanan is more famous—and has been studied in comparatively much greater depth—as the author of Neo-Latin works across an impressive range of genres, many of which strongly influenced early French vernacular literature. These included religious tragedies and translations of ancient Greek plays (Jephthes, Baptistes, Alcestis, Medea), and secular and anti-clerical poetry (the Franciscanus, written in Scotland for James V around 1537, being the most famous example). His crowning poetic achievement, the Latin versification and paraphrasing of the complete Hebrew Psalter, was begun while he was imprisoned by the Inquisition in Portugal, where he had been one of the first teachers at the newly established University of Coimbra. Once safely back in France and then Scotland, the complete collection was published in stages, and it enjoyed exceptional critical acclaim and international dissemination. The psalm paraphrases would see Buchanan receive the epithet (at least according to his publisher) of “easily the prince of poets of our age” (poetarum nostri saeculi facile princeps). He died in 1582, but his works and ideas circulated among poets, intellectuals, and revolutionary parties alike for centuries after.

Calvinism

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme Murdock
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Holy Roman Empire ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Social Discipline ◽  
Reformed Churches ◽  
The Right

Calvinism was a term first used by Calvin’s opponents. Calvinism has become a widely used label to describe the ideas adopted by Reformed churches across Europe. Some writers prefer to use the label “Reformed” or “Reformed Protestant” to describe a movement that owed much to the insights of a range of reformers and was certainly not solely reliant on John Calvin’s leadership. Calvinism was distinctive among 16th-century reform movements because of particular ideas about God’s plan for the salvation of humanity, about the meaning and celebration of the sacraments, and about the danger posed by idolatry. Calvinism spread quickly across the Continent during the middle decades of the 16th century as a dynamic and transnational reform movement. International connections were maintained by contacts between reformers and Reformed churches. A strong sense of belonging to an international religious community was felt by many Calvinists, and in particular by exiles and refugees fleeing religious persecution. There were differences between the beliefs and practices of Reformed churches in a range of distinct political and social contexts. Reformed communities in France and the Netherlands had to fight for the right to worship. This gave Calvinism a certain reputation for political radicalism. However, Calvinism also received the support of monarchs and princes in parts of the Holy Roman Empire, Central Europe, and the British Isles. Different Reformed churches developed a variety of structures. One important institution in many churches was the consistory, used to promote moral and social discipline. Historians and theologians have examined the nature of Calvinist ideas, the dynamic growth of Calvinism, the international character of Calvinism, and the complex impact of Calvinism on the political and cultural history of diverse European societies from Ulster to Transylvania.

Ancient water robotics and Abou-l Iz Al-Jazari

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zekâi Şen
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Southeastern Part ◽  
Water Power ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Although water resources have been developed throughout the centuries for the service of different civilizations, at different scales and in different regions, their use in automation has been conceived only recently. Research into the history of water from an automation point of view has led to some unknown or hidden facts. Starting from the ancient Greek period before the prophet Christ and after about the 12th century, many researchers tried to make use of water power for working some simple but effective devices for the service of mankind. Among these are the haulage of water from a lower level to a higher elevation by water wheels in order to irrigate agricultural land. Hero during the Hellenistic period and Vitruvius of the Roman Empire were among the first who tried to make use of water power for use in different human activities, such as water haulage, watermills, water clocks, etc. The highlights of these works were achieved by a 12th century Muslim researcher, Abou-l Iz Al-Jazari, who lived in the southeastern part of modern day Turkey. He reviewed all the previous work from different civilizations and then suggested his own designs and devices for the use of water power in automation of excellent types. He even combined animals and water power through early designs of valves, pistons, cylinders and crank mills, as will be explained in this paper. His works were revealed by German historians and engineers in the first quarter of the 19th century. Later, an English engineer translated his book from Arabic into English, revealing the guidelines for modern automation and robotic designs originating from the 12th century. This paper gives a brief summary of the early workers' devices and Abou-l Iz Al-Jazari's much more developed designs with his original hand-drawn pictures.

An Impacted Malformed Primary Maxillary Central Incisor Diagnosed as a Compound Odontoma.

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dror Aizenbud ◽  
Yael Pery Front
Keyword(s):  
Normal Development ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
Permanent Tooth ◽  
Central Incisor ◽  
Maxillary Central Incisor ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Compound Odontoma ◽  
Early Surgical Intervention

An odontoma is usually found in the surrounding area of the unerupted permanent tooth bud and rarely adjacent to the primary central incisor. This report presents a case of an unerupted malformed primary central incisor, histologically diagnosed as a compound odontoma. A 5.5 year-old healthy boy presented with an unerupted maxillary left primary central incisor and mild gingival buccal swelling. No history of traumatic injury was recorded. Radiological examination revealed a tooth-like mass with a partially developed root and a malformed crown in the area of the left primary central incisor. Delayed development of the successor left permanent incisor in comparison to the right one was noted. The rational for early surgical intervention to enable normal development and eruption of permanent incisors is described. Clinical and radiographic diagnoses as well as several etiological factors and a differential diagnosis are considered and reviewed.

scholarly journals The Defeat of Marc Macrinius Vindex. To the History of the Marcomannic Wars in the Middle Danube

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
S.M. Rubtsov
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Roman Army ◽  
Marcus Aurelius ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Roman Province ◽  
The Military

The article is devoted to the military action of the Roman Empire in the Middle-Danube valley in the early spring 170 year 2-nd centuries A.D. The main aim of this article consists in reconstruction one of the important events in Roman wars against the Germans tribe marcomanni, who lived on the territory of modern-day Czechia (ancient Boygemia). The author uses the analytical and comparative methods, analyzing the historical works of Roman authors and epigraphic facts. One of the main new aspects of article consists in chronology of events. The author tries to prove that defeat of Roman army and death of praefectus Marc Macrinius Vindex took place at the same time in early spring 170 year 2-nd centuries A.D.. This defeat had the important influence on the other military operations in the next time. Marcomanni and his allies seriously threatened the Roman province of Pannonia situated on the right bank of the Danube. The emperor Marcus Aurelius (161 — 180 A.D) waged several wars against the marcomanni and their allies quadi in 167 — 180 A.D. In winter 169 A.D. Marcus Aurelius became the sole emperor. He came back in Carnuntum in Upper Pannonia and began to complete the army for the offensive against marcomanni. The legatus Augusti Marc Macrinius Avitus Catonius Vindex with vexillationes of five Pannonia's legions and a few auxiliums forced a crossing the Danube in the early spring 170 A.D. Marcomanni defeated the Roman army and killed the legatus Augusti. The Germans captivated many soldiers from legions and auxiliums, burned several war-camps in Upper and Lower Pannonias. They reached the borders of the North Italy and besieged the Aquileja again. The author comes to the conclusion, that in result of the defeat of Marc Macrinius Vindex the Roman troops in the Middle and Lower Danube stood on the defensive.

scholarly journals Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis of the Knee Joint Requiring Synovectomy and Arthrotomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhan Ahmad ◽  
Kavina Patel ◽  
Jorge Clint De Leon ◽  
Frank A Buttacavoli
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Orthopedic Surgery ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
United States Mexico ◽  
Comprehensive History ◽  
Fat Pads

Introduction: Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection endemic to the Southwestern United States, Mexico, and South America. While uncommon, inhalation of spores or direct cutaneous contact can lead to disseminated infection in the immunocompetent, with the involvement of the musculoskeletal and integumentary systems. Case Report: A 49-year-old patient with a history of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis presented with the right knee pain and multiple symptomatic abscesses beneath the suprapatellar and infrapatellar fat pads. Arthrocentesis and culture confirmed the infection, and open synovectomy, arthrotomy, and drainage of the infection were performed without complication. Conclusion: Disseminated coccidioidomycosis is an uncommon fungal infection that may involve joints and become refractory to pharmacotherapy. Management may require surgical intervention, along with infectious disease consultation and close follow-up. Patients from endemic regions should be evaluated with a comprehensive history of this disease. Keywords: Coccidioidomycosis, knee, septic arthritis, arthrotomy, synovectomy, orthopedic surgery, fungal infection.

scholarly journals Perinatal Outcome of Deliveries after One Previous Caesarean Section

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Narinder Kaur ◽  
Sushila Jain
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Fetal Distress ◽  
Fetal Outcome ◽  
Previous Caesarean Section ◽  
Lower Segment Caesarean Section ◽  
History Of ◽  
Live Fetus ◽  
The Right ◽  
A Prospective Study

Introduction: Contrary to the WHO recommended caesarean section (CS) rate of 15%, there is an alarming trend of increasing caesarean section rates. An important reason for this is repeat caesarean section (RCS). Vaginal birth after caesarean (VBAC) is one of the methods of reducing CS rates in women with history of previous CS. This study was done with the aim to see the maternal and fetal outcome among parturient with history of single previous caesarean section and to determine the rate of VBAC at Lumbini Medical College, Nepal. Methods: This is a prospective study done for a period of ten months. Seventy parturient fulfilling inclusion criteria of term pregnancy with single live fetus and history of one Lower Segment Caesarean Section (LSCS) were enrolled in the study. Patients meeting the criteria for VBAC were given trial of labour and others were taken for elective repeat CS. This cohort was analyzed further, with respect to age, parity, period of gestation, mode of delivery, indication for CS, maternal and fetal complications and outcomes. Results: VBAC was successful in 27.14% of patients (n=19) while the rest 51 (72.85%) underwent RCS . Indications for RCS was mainly scar tenderness 7 (13.7%), fetal distress 6 (11.7%), non progress of labour 6 (11.7%), meconium stained liquor 6 (11.7%) and post-dated pregnancy 6 (11.7%). Maternal morbidity was comparable in women undergoing RCS or VBAC. There was one still birth and one early neonatal death in each group due to complications of meconium aspiration. Conclusion: Patients with previous CS are at high risk of RCS. If trial of labor is allowed under careful patient selection and supervision, the rate of vaginal delivery after caesarean section can be increased safely. As there is no added perinatal morbidity and mortality in cases of VBAC as compared to RCS, VBAC shows the right way forward to decrease the rate of caesarean section.

scholarly journals Pediatric renal pseudotumour

2020 ◽  
pp. 20200088
Author(s):  
David Ola ◽  
Ravikumar Hanumaiah ◽  
Anand Majmudar
Keyword(s):  
Renal Mass ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Color Doppler ◽  
Hypertensive Crisis ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Renal Ultrasound ◽  
Ultrasound Study ◽  
Normal Renal Parenchyma ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right

We present a case of 6-year-old female with history of respiratory distress who went into respiratory failure requiring intubation. Patient was subsequently found to be in hypertensive crisis with hyponatremic hypochloremic metabolic acidosis and acute kidney injury. Renal ultrasound was performed to find the cause of hypertension. The ultrasound study demonstrated lobulated isoechoic to hyper echoic mass-like lesion in the middle and lower pole of the right kidney with increased vascularity on Color Doppler examination. The renal mass was finally diagnosed as a pseudotumour, representing hypertrophied portion of the spared normal renal parenchyma in otherwise atrophic right kidney. Diagnosis was made using a combination of US, MRI, DMSA and CT angiography thus avoiding unnecessary surgical intervention.

The Athenian Empire

2009 ◽  
pp. 64-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polly Low
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Imperialism ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
City State ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City

This article argues that problems of terminology also plague the study of the Athenian Empire, drawing attention to the many ancient Greek words that have been translated as ‘empire’. Arriving at the right terms to describe Athenian ‘imperialism’ would go hand in hand with the larger process of understanding other features of Athens' hegemony. For example, while the financial aspects of the Athenian Empire are heavily discussed, the cultural imperialism of the city-state still needs to be analysed more fully. Further study may well show that the major importance of the empire lies in its role as the transmitter of Hellenic culture during the period of Athens' dominance and not in its place as a decisive moment in the history of imperialism.

Oxford Handbook of Science and Medicine in the Classical World

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Ancient Science ◽  
Classical World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Byzantine Period ◽  
The Many ◽  
Reading Key

The book offers 50 essays introducing, surveying, summarizing, and analyzing the many sciences of the classical world, that is, ancient Greek and Roman worlds. The opening section offers 10 essays on mathematics, astronomy, and medicine in other ancient cultures that may have either influenced the Greek world or else served as informative alternative accounts of ancient science. There is a brief section on Greek science of the 6th through 4th centuries bce, then a long section on Greek science of the Hellenistic era, the period in which ancient Greek science was most active. The Greco-Roman era, that is the early Roman Empire, is treated in a fourth section, and the final section addresses the sciences of Late Antiquity, or Early Byzantine, period, the 4th through 7th centuries ce. Throughout, the volume insists on the close integration of the ancient sciences with one another and on the consequent necessity to study them as a whole, not in isolation. Sciences elsewhere neglected or excluded are here included as first-class citizens, such as alchemy, astrology, paradoxography, pharmacy, and physiognomy. The essays invite readers to study these fascinating disciplines, and in many cases offer new interpretations and syntheses. Each essay includes a bibliography supporting its content and providing further reading. Key figures in the history of ancient science, Pythagoras with Plato, Hippocrates, Aristotle, Galen, and Ptolemy, each receive their own essay.

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